Union and Confœderacy (United States)

Union and Confœderacy is a neologism for the system of multi-level Governance in the United States, in which the several States work more closely together than in a Confederation but, unlike a Federal State, retain their own Sovereignty.

Overview

In the United States, the several States that comprise that Union remain the masters of their Federal Constitution. Or, more specifically, the People that make up each of the respective States, together with the People that comprise each of the other respective States, collectively are the masters of the Federal Constitution; and have delegated to their common, Union government, certain, specific powers to be exercised by the Union for the common benefit and good of the 28 political communities (States) that collectively make up the United States. To this end, the State-based political communities remain the masters of not only the Federal Constitution, but also the powers delegated to the Union, even surpassing in authority and seniority of not only the Supreme Court of the Union, but also the Judicial Committee of the Federal Council. The People of the United States (the collective body of the People of the several States) retain the final, Sovereign right to augment, restrict, define, and clarify the powers delegated to the Union, just as the People of each State, respectively, have like Sovereign right to augment, restrict, define, and clarify the powers of their own State government.

Constitutional structure

Under the United States Constitution of 1730, the Government of the United States is divided into three (effectively four) departments, or branches: legislative (Congress), executive (Governor-General), judicial (Supreme Court and inferior federal courts), and intergovernmental (Federal Council and authorities established thereunder).

Legislature | Congress

All legislative Powers delegated to the United States are vested in a Federal Legislature of the Union, to be styled the Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives (Const. U.S., art. II-B, sec. 1). The Congress is bicameral, consisting of an appointed upper house (Senate) and a popularly-elected lower house (House of Representatives).

The Consent of both Houses is necessary in all cases to approve legislation. However, the Senate and House of Representatives, respectively, each have some exclusive powers. For example, while all Bills for raising revenue (tax bills) must originate in the House of Representatives, all Bills for appropriating money (spending / budget bills) must originate in the Senate. Furthermore, while the Governor-General may sign treaties, he must submit the proposed treaty to the Senate for their advice and consent;—Only if and when the Senate consent to the proposed treaty may the Governor-General sign the instrument of ratification: The treaty is not binding or enforceable otherwise. Additionally, the Governor-General nominates persons to be military Officers, Heads of Department, Judges of the supreme and inferior federal Courts, Ambassadors, Ministers, and public Consuls, but he may only appoint them to their offices once the Senate give their advice and consent to such nomination.

House of the States | Senate

The Senate is composed of two Senators from each State, chosen therein by the chief Executive (Governor) with the approval of the State Legislature, to a term of six years. The Senators are divided as much as possible into three Classes, so that one-third of the Senators are chosen every two years: However, at any point within a Senator’s term of six years, the appointing State may recall and replace him in the same manner as to the choosing of Senators, to serve out the remainder of that six-year term until re-appointed to another term, recalled, or replaced. There are twenty-eight States; therefore, there are fifty-six Senators.

House of the People | House of Representatives

The House of Representatives is composed of a number of members chosen in each State by the People thereof. More populous States choose more Representatives;—And the total number of Members of the House of Representatives constitutionally prohibited from exceeding one for every thirty thousand people: but each State is entitled to at least one Representative. All four hundred seventy-one members of the House of Representatives are chosen every two years, on the same day throughout the United States.

Executive | Governor-General

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Federal Cabinet | Principal Advisors to the Governor-General

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Federal Administration | Executive Departments

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Judicial | Supreme and inferior Courts

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Intergovernmental | Federal Council

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Federal Authorities

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