https://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Andreios&feedformat=atomThe Galactic Republic - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T05:29:05ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.13https://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics_of_Arizona&diff=41199Template:Politics of Arizona2024-03-27T14:24:13Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{sidebar with collapsible lists<br />
| name = Politics of Arizona<br />
| wraplinks = true<br />
| bodyclass = vcard<br />
| liststyle = text-align:left<br />
<br />
| title = {{politics sidebar title|region=State of Arizona|image=US-AZ_arms.svg|size=202px|title=the State of Arizona}}<br />
<br />
| list1title = '''Constitution and law'''<br />
| list1 =<br />
* [[Law of the United States|United States Law]]<br />
** [[Constitution:United States/1730|United States Constitution]]<br />
*** [[United States Revised Statutes|U.S. Revised Statutes]]<br />
*** [[Code of Federal Regulations]]<br />
* [[Law of the State of Arizona|Arizona Law]]<br />
** [[Constitution:Arizona/State/1732|Arizona Constitution]]<br />
*** [[Arizona Revised Statutes]]<br />
*** [[Arizona Administrative Code]]<br />
*** [[Executive Order (Arizona)|Executive Order]]s<br />
<br />
| list2title = '''Executive'''<br />
| list2 =<br />
* [[Arizona Executive Department|Executive Department]]<br />
** [[Governor of Arizona|Governor]]: [[Manuel Serrano]]<br />
** [[Arizona State Executive Cabinet|Cabinet]]<br />
<br />
| list3title = '''Legislature'''<br />
| list3 =<br />
* [[Arizona Legislative Department|Legislative Department]]<br />
** [[Arizona State Legislature|Legislature]]<br />
*** [[Arizona State Senate|Senate]]<br />
**** [[President of the Arizona Senate|President]]: [[TBD]]<br />
**** [[President pro Tempore of the Arizona Senate|President pro Tem]]: [[TBD]]<br />
**** [[Majority Leader of the Arizona Senate|Majority leader]]: [[TBD]]<br />
**** [[Minority Leader of the Arizona Senate|Minority leader]]: [[TBD]]<br />
*** [[Arizona House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]<br />
**** [[Speaker of the Arizona House of Representatives|Speaker]]: [[TBD]]<br />
**** [[Speaker pro Tempore of the Arizona House of Representatives|Speaker pro Tem]]: [[TBD]]<br />
**** [[Majority Leader of the Arizona House of Representatives|Majority leader]]: [[TBD]]<br />
**** [[Minority Leader of the Arizona House of Representatives|Minority leader]]: [[TBD]]<br />
** [[Independent agencies of the Arizona Legislative Department|Independent agencies]]<br />
*** [[Arizona Joint Legislative Audit Committee|Joint Legislative{{br}}Audit Committee]]<br />
**** Senate Co-Chair: [[TBD]]<br />
**** House Co-Chair: [[TBD]]<br />
**** [[Auditor-General of Arizona (State)|Auditor-General]]: [[TBD]]<br />
*** [[Arizona Joint Legislative Budget Committee|Joint Legislative{{br}}Budget Committee]]<br />
**** Senate Co-Chair: [[TBD]]<br />
**** House Co-Chair: [[TBD]]<br />
**** Director: [[TBD]]<br />
*** [[Arizona Legislative Council]]<br />
**** Senate Co-Chair: [[TBD]]<br />
**** House Co-Chair: [[TBD]]<br />
**** Director: [[TBD]]<br />
<br />
| list4title = '''Judiciary'''<br />
| list4 =<br />
* [[Arizona Integrated Judicial Department|Judicial Department]]<br />
** [[Arizona Supreme Court|Supreme Court]]<br />
<!--<br />
*** [[Arizona Administrative Office of the Courts|Administrative Office of the Courts]]<br />
--><br />
** [[Arizona Court of Appeal|Court of Appeal]]<br />
** [[Arizona Superior Court|Superior Court]]<br />
** [[Arizona Justices of the Peace|Justices of the Peace]]<br />
** [[Arizona Municipal Courts|Municipal Courts]]<br />
<br />
| list5title = '''Elections'''<br />
| list5 =<br />
* [[Elections in Arizona|Elections]]<br />
* [[Political parties of Arizona|Political parties]]<br />
** [[Arizona Republican Party]]<br />
** [[Arizona Democratic Party]]<br />
** [[Minor parties in Arizona|Minor parties]]<br />
*** [[Arizona Constitution Party|Constitution Party]]<br />
*** [[Arizona Green Party|Green Party]]<br />
*** [[Arizona Libertarian Party|Libertarian Party]]<br />
* [[Political party strength in Arizona|Political party strength]]<br />
** [[No Party Preference (Arizona)|Independent voters]]<br />
<br />
| list6title = '''Divisions'''<br />
| list6 =<br />
* [[Local government in Arizona|Political subdivisions]]<br />
** [[Counties of Arizona|Counties]]<br />
** [[List of cities in Arizona|Cities and towns]]<br />
** [[List of special government districts in Arizona|Special districts]]<br />
<br />
| list7title = '''Federal relations'''<br />
| list7 =<br />
* [[Arizona Secretary of State and Foreign Affairs|Arizona Secretary of<br/>State and Foreign Affairs]]<br />
** [[Arizona Minister to the United States|Arizona Minister to<br/>the United States]] (?)<br />
* [[United States Secretary for State and Foreign Affairs|United States Secretary<br/>for State and Foreign Affairs]]<br />
** [[United States Minister to the State of Arizona|United States Minister to<br/>the State of Arizona]] (?)<br />
* [[Federal government of the United States|Federal representation]]<br />
** [[United States Senate]]<br />
*** [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[TBD]] (?)<br />
** [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-1|1]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-2|2]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-3|3]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-4|4]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-5|5]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-6|6]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-7|7]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-8|8]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-9|9]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-10|10]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-11|11]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-12|12]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-13|13]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-14|14]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-15|15]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-16|16]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-17|17]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-18|18]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-19|19]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-20|20]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-21|21]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-22|22]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-23|23]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-24|24]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-25|25]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-26|26]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-27|27]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-28|28]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-29|29]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-30|30]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-31|31]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-32|32]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-33|33]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-34|34]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-35|35]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-36|36]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-37|37]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-38|38]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-39|39]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-40|40]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-41|41]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-42|42]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-43|43]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-44|44]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-45|45]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
*** [[United States House of Representatives, Arizona-46|46]] [[TBD]] (?)<br />
<br />
| belowstyle = font-size:smaller<br />
| below = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Politics of the United States]]<br />
*{{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}}<br />
*{{portal-inline|Arizona|size=tiny}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
}}<noinclude>{{clear}}<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Politics of the United States sidebar templates}}<br />
[[Category:Arizona government navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:United States politics sidebar templates|Arizona]]<br />
[[Category:"Part of a series on" templates]]</noinclude></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Great_Seal_of_the_Mexican_Federal_Republic.svg&diff=41198File:Great Seal of the Mexican Federal Republic.svg2024-03-27T14:16:24Z<p>Andreios: </p>
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{{self|{{User:Andreios/license}} }}</div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Arizona&diff=41194Commonwealth of Arizona2024-03-26T15:29:07Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div>:''This article is about the Commonwealth of Arizona. For information on the State of the same name, see [[Arizona|State of Arizona]], and for other uses see [[Arizona (disambiguation)]].''<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
| conventional_long_name=<!--<br />
-->{{Name in official languages<!--<br />
-->|name = Commonwealth of Arizona<!--<br />
-->|apw = XXXX<!--<br />
-->|es = Mancomunidad de Arizona<!--<br />
-->|coc = XXXX<!--<br />
-->|yuf = XXXX<!--<br />
-->|hp = XXXX<!--<br />
-->|mrc = XXXX<!--<br />
-->|apm = XXXX<!--<br />
-->|mov = XXXX<!--<br />
-->|nj = Hoozdo Hahoodzo<!--<br />
-->|oo = Alĭ ṣonak<!--<br />
-->|yaq = XXXX<!--<br />
-->|yav = XXXX<!--<br />
-->|yum = XXXX<!--<br />
-->|zun = XXXX<!--<br />
-->|gx = XXXX<!--<br />
-->}}<br />
| linking_name=the Commonwealth of Arizona<br />
<!-- --><br />
| image_flag=Flag_of_Arizona.svg<br />
| alt_flag=<br />
| flag_caption=Flag<br />
| image_symbol=Sigil of the Commonwealth of Arizona.svg<br />
| symbol_type=Sigil<br />
| symbol_type_article=Sigil of the Commonwealth of Arizona<br />
<!-- --><br />
| motto="[[Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem|Manus haec inimica tyrannis ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem]]" {{small|({{lang|Latin}}){{br}}This Hand, hostile to tyrants, seeks with the Sword a quiet Peace under Liberty}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
| anthem_link=Arizona March Song<br />
| anthem_media=<youtube height="25" width="250">5w7LM_Vm_YE</youtube><br />
<!-- --><br />
| image_map=KB-Arizona_map.svg<br />
| map_caption=abc<br />
| map_width=220px<br />
| image_map2=AZ-AZ_map.svg<br />
| map_caption2=abc<br />
| map2_width=220px<br />
<!-- --><br />
| capital=[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]<br />
| largest_city=capital<br />
<!-- --><br />
| languages_type=[[Languages of Arizona|Official language]]<br />
| languages={{lang|English}}<br />
| languages2_type=[[Languages of Arizona|Recognized languages]]<br />
| languages2={{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title=18 languages}}<!--<br />
-->{{ubl<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Western Apache|a=Apache}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Castilian}}{{ref label|lang.es|b}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Cocopah}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|German}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Halchidhoma}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Havasupai-Hualapai}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Hopi}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Maricopa}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Mescalero-Chiricahua}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Mojave}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Navajo}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|O'odham}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Tewa}}<!--<br />
-->| [[Colorado River Numic language|Ute]]<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Yaqui}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Yavapai}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Yuma}}<!--<br />
-->| {{lang|Zuni}}<!--<br />
-->}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
| demonym={{nowrap|1={{flagicon|Commonwealth of Arizona}} [[Arizona vampires|Arizonan]]}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
| government_type ={{nowrap|1=[[unitary state|Unitary state]] and{{br}}[[Constitution for the Commonwealth of Arizona|presidential]] [[Monarchy of the Commonwealth of Arizona|monarchy]]}}<br />
| leader_title1={{nowrap|1=[[King of the Commonwealth of Arizona|King]]}}|leader_name1=[[AABB]]<br />
<!--<br />
| leader_title2={{nowrap|1=[[King's Deputy of the Commonwealth of Arizona|King's Deputy]]}}<br />
| leader_name2=[[TBD2]]<br />
--><br />
| leader_title3={{nowrap|1=[[President of the Arizona Legislative Council (Commonwealth)|President of{{br}}the Council]]}}|leader_name3=[[TBD3]]<br />
| leader_title4={{nowrap|1=[[Speaker of the Arizona Legislative Assembly (Commonwealth)|Speaker of{{br}}the Assembly]]}}|leader_name4=[[TBD4]]<br />
| leader_title5={{nowrap|1=[[Chief Lawspeaker of the Commonwealth of Arizona|Chief Lawspeaker]]}}|leader_name5=[[TBD5]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
| legislature=[[Arizona Commonwealth Legislature|Legislature]]<br />
| upper_house=[[Arizona Senate (Commonwealth)|Senate]]<br />
| lower_house=[[Arizona Assembly (Commonwealth)|Assembly]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
| sovereignty_type=[[Arizona War of Independence|Independence]] from the [[Kingdom of California]]<br />
| established_event1=[[Declaration of Sovereignty of the Commonwealth of Arizona|Declared]]<br />
| established_date1=TBD5<br />
| established_event2=[[Treaty of Phoenix|Recognized]]<br />
| established_date2=TBD6<br />
| established_event3=[[Constitution:Arizona/Commonwealth/1728|Current constitution]]<br />
| established_date3=TBD7<br />
<!-- --><br />
| highestPoint=[[San Francisco Mountain]]<br />
| highestElev_m=3851.8<br />
| meanElev_m=1936.9<br />
| lowestPoint=[[Colorado River]]<br />
| lowestElev_m=22<br />
<!-- --><br />
| area_rank=abc<br />
| area_magnitude=1 E12<br />
| area_km2=295234<br />
| percent_water=0.32<br />
<!-- --><br />
| population_census=315,000<br />
| population_census_rank=abc<br />
| population_census_year=1728<br />
| population_density_km2=1.07<br />
| population_density_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
| GDP_PPP={{USC}} 261.304<br />
| GDP_PPP_magnitude=9<br />
| GDP_PPP_year=1728<br />
| GDP_PPP_rank=<br />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita={{USC}} 39,880<br />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=<br />
| GDP_nominal=261.304<br />
| GDP_nominal_magnitude=9<br />
| GDP_nominal_year=1728<br />
| GDP_nominal_rank=<br />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita=39880<br />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
| currency=[[United States credit]]<br />
| currency_code=USC<br />
| currency_symbol={{USC}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
| time_zone=[[Arizona Time Zone|Arizona Time]]<br />
| utc_offset=−7<br />
| time_zone_DST=N/A<br />
| utc_offset_DST=−7<br />
<!-- --><br />
| date_format=<br />
{{collapsible list<br />
|titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;<br />
|title=[[Kobalian Time Standard|Kobol Standard]]<br />
|mmddyyyy |ddmmyyyy |yyyymmdd | MMMM dd, yyyy | dd MMMM yyyy<br />
}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
| drives_on=right<br />
<!-- --><br />
| cctld=<!--<br />
-->{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|*[[.arz|.'''arz''']]<!--<br />
-->|[[Kobol Vampire League|kvl://]]*[[.arizona (KVL)|.'''arizona''']]<!--<br />
-->|[[Kobol Vampire League|kvl://]]*[[.gov (KVL)|.gov]][[.arizona (KVL)|.'''arizona''']]<!--<br />
-->|[[Kobol Vampire League|kvl://]]*[[.edu (KVL)|.edu]][[.arizona (KVL)|.'''arizona''']]<!--<br />
-->|[[Kobol Vampire League|kvl://]]*[[.mil (KVL)|.mil]][[.arizona (KVL)|.'''arizona''']]<!--<br />
-->}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
| footnote_a=TBD<br />
}}<br />
'''Arizona''' (/ærɪˈzoʊnə/) <!-- ({{lang|Western Apache|a=Apache}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Castilian}}: ''Arizona''; {{lang|Cocopah}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Havasupai-Hualapai}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Hopi}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Maricopa}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Mescalero-Chiricahua}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Mojave}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Navajo}}: ''Hoozdo Hahoodzo''; {{lang|O'odham}}: ''Alĭ ṣonak''; {{lang|Yaqui}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Yavapai}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Yuma}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Zuni}}: ''XXXX''), officially the '''Commonwealth of Arizona''' ({{lang|Western Apache|a=Apache}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Castilian}}: ''Mancomunidad de Arizona''; {{lang|Cocopah}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Havasupai-Hualapai}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Hopi}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Maricopa}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Mescalero-Chiricahua}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Mojave}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Navajo}}: ''Hoozdo Hahoodzo''; {{lang|O'odham}}: ''Alĭ ṣonak''; {{lang|Yaqui}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Yavapai}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Yuma}}: ''XXXX''; {{lang|Zuni}}: ''XXXX’’), --> is the sovereign political community of [[vampires of Arizona|Arizona vampires]].<br />
<br />
A member of the [[Zeus Clan|Zeus]] [[Clan (vampire geopolitics)|clan]] of vampires, the Commonwealth of Arizona was founded in 1728 after declaring independence from the Kingdom of California.<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
The name of the Commonwealth appears to originate from an earlier Castilian name, ''Arizonac'', derived from the [[O'odham language|O'odham]] name ''{{unicode|alĭ ṣonak}}'', meaning “small spring”, which initially applied only to an area near the Mexican silver mining camp of [[Planchas de Plata, Sonora]]. To the European settlers, their pronunciation sounded like “Arissona”. This is supported by the fact that the area is still known as ''{{unicode|alĭ ṣonak}}'' in the O'odham language. Another possible origin is the [[Basque language|Basque]] phrase ''haritz ona'' ("the good oak").<br />
<br />
There is a misconception that the Commonwealth‘s name originated from the [[Castilian language|Castilian]] term for “Arid Zone”. The Castilian phrase for “arid zone” would be “''zona árida''”, not “''árida zona''”.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
{{Main|Geography of Arizona}}<br />
: ''See also lists of [[List of counties in Arizona|counties]], [[List of islands of Arizona|islands]], [[List of rivers of Arizona|rivers]], [[List of lakes in Arizona|lakes]], [[List of Commonwealth Parks of Arizona|commonwealth parks]], and [[List of Arizona Commonwealth Forests|commonwealth forests]].<br />
[[File:Physiographic regions of Arizona.svg|thumb|Regions of Arizona [...]|right]]<br />
[[File:Grand Canyon Horse Shoe Bend MC.jpg|thumb|The [[Horseshoe Bend (Arizona)|Horseshoe Bend]] of the [[Colorado River]]|right]]<br />
[[File:Monument Valley 01.jpg|thumbnail|West Mitten at [[Monument Valley]]|right]]<br />
[[File:Blue Mesa Painted Desert.jpg|thumbnail|Blue Mesa at [[Petrified Forest National Park]]|right]]<br />
[[File:USA 09847 Grand Canyon Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|thumb|The [[Grand Canyon]]|right]]<br />
[[File:Bellemont Arizona View.jpg|thumbnail|[[San Francisco Peaks]] seen from [[Bellemont, Arizona|Bellemont]], Arizona|right]]<br />
[[File:Saguaro National Park P1013179.jpg|thumbnail|Sonoran Desert at [[Saguaro National Park]]|right]]<br />
[[File:Cathedral Rock Water-27527-1.jpg|thumbnail|Cathedral Rock near Red Rock Crossing in [[Sedona, Arizona|Sedona]]|right]]<br />
[[File:US-AZ map-topo.png|thumbnail|The topography of Arizona is quite varied, with the alternating valleys and mountains of the [[Basin and Range Province]] in western Arizona and much of the southern half of the Commonwealth, and the Arizona Highlands consisting of the [[Mogollon Rim]] and the [[Colorado Plateau]] in the northern and eastern halves of the Commonwealth|right]]<br />
[[File:Map_of_Arizona_highlighting_protected_areas.png|thumbnail|Protected areas of Arizona. Commonwealth lands in reds, oranges, yellows, greens, blues, indigos, and violets; private lands in greys|right]]<br />
[[File:Arizona_Commonwealth_Land_Survey-map_of_Arizona.svg|thumbnail|Map of Arizona showing the [[Arizona Commonwealth Principal Meridian|Principal Meridian]] and [[Arizona Commonwealth Base Line|Base Line]] of the [[Arizona Commonwealth Land Survey]], the official [[land survey]] of the Commonwealth of Arizona|right]]<br />
[[File:US-AZ_map-topographic_1.jpg|thumbnail|Relief map of Arizona.|right]]<br />
<!--<br />
<div style="width:70%;float:left;"><br />
--><br />
<!--<br />
<gallery mode="packed-hover" height="160" title="Landscapes and climates of Arizona"><br />
File:AZ-Grand_Canyon_1.jpg|[[Grand Canyon]] from space<br />
File:AZ-San_Francisco_Mountain_1.jpg|[[San Francisco Mountain]] from [[O'Leary Peak]]<br />
File:AZ-Flagstaff_1.jpg|[[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]]<br />
File:AZ-Lake_Powell_1.jpg|[[Lake Powell]] in northern [[Coconino County, Arizona|Coconino County]]<br />
File:AZ-Painted_Desert_1.jpg|[[Painted Desert]] in [[Navajo County, Arizona|Navajo County]]<br />
File:AZ-Sunset_Crater_1.jpg|[[Sunset Crater]] in Coconino County<br />
File:AZ-Wupatki_1.jpg|[[Wupatki National Monument]]<br />
File:AZ-Coconino_National_Forest_1.jpg|[[Coconino National Forest]] in northern Arizona<br />
File:AZ-Petrified_Forest_1.jpg|[[Petrified Forest National Park]] in [[Apache County, Arizona|Apache County]]<br />
File:AZ-Oak_Creek_Canyon_1.jpg|[[Oak Creek (Arizona)|Oak Creek]] [[Oak Creek Canyon|Canyon]] in northern [[Yavapai County, Arizona|Yavapai County]]<br />
File:AZ-Apache-Sitgreaves_National Forest_1.jpg|[[Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest]] near [[Pinetop-Lakeside, Arizona|Pinetop-Lakeside]]<br />
File:AZ-Sedona_Red_Rocks_1.jpg|Red rocks near [[Sedona, Arizona|Sedona]]<br />
File:AZ-Montezuma_Castle_1.jpg|[[Montezuma Castle National Monument]]<br />
File:AZ-Prescott_1.jpg|[[Prescott, Arizona|Prescott]] in Yavapai County<br />
File:AZ-Phoenix,_Arizona_1.jpg|[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], the capital of the Commonwealth of Arizona<br />
File:AZ-Sonoran_Desert.jpg|[[Sonoran Desert]] in southern [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]]<br />
</gallery><br />
--><br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Landscapes and climates of Arizona|width=160 | height=170 | lines=4<br />
|align=center<br />
|File:AZ-Grand_Canyon_1.jpg|alt1=Grand Canyon|[[Grand Canyon]] from space<br />
|File:AZ-San_Francisco_Mountain_1.jpg|alt2=San Francisco Mountain from O'Leary Peak|[[San Francisco Mountain]] from [[O'Leary Peak]]<br />
|File:AZ-Flagstaff_1.jpg|alt3=Flagstaff, Arizona|[[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]]<br />
|File:AZ-Lake_Powell_1.jpg|alt4=Lake Powell|[[Lake Powell]] in northern [[Coconino County, Arizona|Coconino County]]<br />
|File:AZ-Painted_Desert_1.jpg|alt5=Painted Desert, Arizona|[[Painted Desert]] in [[Navajo County, Arizona|Navajo County]]<br />
|File:AZ-Sunset_Crater_1.jpg|alt6=Sunset Crater|[[Sunset Crater]] in Coconino County<br />
|File:AZ-Wupatki_1.jpg|alt7=Wupatki National Monument|[[Wupatki National Monument]]<br />
|File:AZ-Coconino_National_Forest_1.jpg|alt8=Coconino National Forest|[[Coconino National Forest]] in northern Arizona<br />
|File:AZ-Petrified_Forest_1.jpg|alt9=Petrified Forest National Park|[[Petrified Forest National Park]] in [[Apache County, Arizona|Apache County]]<br />
|File:AZ-Oak_Creek_Canyon_1.jpg|alt10=Oak Creek Canyon|[[Oak Creek (Arizona)|Oak Creek]] [[Oak Creek Canyon|Canyon]] in northern [[Yavapai County, Arizona|Yavapai County]]<br />
|File:AZ-Apache-Sitgreaves_National Forest_1.jpg|alt11=Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest near Pinetop-Lakeside|[[Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest]] near [[Pinetop-Lakeside, Arizona|Pinetop-Lakeside]]<br />
|File:AZ-Sedona_Red_Rocks_1.jpg|alt12=Red rocks of Sedona|Red rocks near [[Sedona, Arizona|Sedona]]<br />
|File:AZ-Montezuma_Castle_1.jpg|alt13=Montezuma Castle National Monument in Yavapai County|[[Montezuma Castle National Monument]] in [[Yavapai County, Arizona|Yavapai County]]<br />
|File:AZ-Prescott_1.jpg|alt14=Prescott in Yavapai County|[[Prescott, Arizona|Prescott]] in Yavapai County<br />
|File:AZ-Phoenix,_Arizona_1.jpg|alt15=Phoenix, the capital of the State of Arizona|[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], the capital of the Commonwealth of Arizona<br />
|File:AZ-Sonoran_Desert.jpg|alt16=Sonoran Desert|[[Sonoran Desert]] in southern [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]]<br />
}}<br />
<!--<br />
</div><br />
--><br />
Arizona is located in the Southwestern region of the [[Zeus Clan]] of [[vampire state|vampiric Realms]], and is one of the [[Four Corners]] States. Arizona is the Nth [[List of member States of Zeus Clan by area|largest State by area]], after [[Kingdom of New Mexico|New Mexico]]. Of the Commonwealth’s {{convert|113998|sqmi|km2|0|abbr=on}} of territory, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is held in trust by the [[Arizona State Government]] in the name of the various Peoples of Arizona, under the custody of the [[Arizona Department of Land and Natural Resources]] ([[List of National Parks of Arizona|national parks]], and [[Public Lands of Arizona|public lands]] held in trust by the State); the [[Arizona Department of Forestry and Fire Management]] ([[List of National Forests of Arizona|national forests]] and [[List of wilderness areas in Arizona|other wilderness areas]]); the [[Arizona Department of Military Affairs]] ([[List of Arizona military installations|military bases and other installations]]); the [[Arizona Commission on First Nation Affairs]] ([[First Nations of Arizona|Arizona First Nations]] [[Arizona First Nations Trust Lands|Trust Lands]]); or the [[Arizona Department of Water Resources]] ([[List of rivers in Arizona|rivers]], [[List of streams in Arizona|streams]], and [[List of lakes in Arizona|lakes]] not under private ownership).<br />
<br />
Arizona is well known for its [[desert]] [[Basin and Range Province|Basin and Range]] region in the [[Western Arizona|western]] and [[Southern Arizona|southern portions]] of the Commonwealth, which is rich in a [[landscape]] of [[xerophyte]] (succulent) plants such as the [[cactus]], and has a climate with exceptionally hot summers and mild winters. The Commonwealth is less-well known for its conifer-covered [[Central Arizona|north-central portion]] of the Commonwealth‘s [[High Country (Arizona)|High Country]] and parts of the [[Colorado Plateau]] (see [[Arizona Mountains forests]]).<br />
<br />
Like other [[Member states of Zeus Clan|States]] of the [[Southwestern Zeus|Southwest]] region of Zeus, Arizona has an abundance of mountains and plateaus in addition to its desert climate. Despite the Commonwealth‘s aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest, a percentage comparable to the modern-day [[German Federal Republic]]. The largest contiguous stand of [[Ponderosa pine]] trees in the world is contained in Arizona.<br />
<br />
The [[Mogollon Rim]], a {{convert|1998|ft|m|0|adj=on}} [[escarpment]], cuts across the central section of the Commonwealth and marks the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau, where the Commonwealth experienced its [[Rodeo–Chediski Fire|second-worst forest fire ever]] in 1702.<br />
<br />
[[File:US-AZ_map-National_Forests.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Arizona National Forests.]]<br />
Arizona belongs firmly within the [[Basin and Range Province|Basin and Range]] region of [[North Aegea]]. The region was shaped by prehistoric [[volcanism]], followed by the cooling-off and related [[subsidence]].<br />
<br />
The [[Grand Canyon]] is a colorful, steep-sided gorge, carved by the [[Colorado River]] in [[Northern Arizona|northern Arizona]]. The canyon is one of the [[Seven Natural Wonders of Kobol|seven natural wonders of Kobol]] and is largely contained in [[Grand Canyon National Park]]—the first [[List of national parks of Arizona|Arizona National Park]]. The canyon was created by the Colorado River cutting a channel over millions of years. It is about {{convert|277|mi|km|0}} long, ranges in width from {{convert|4|to|18|mi|km|0}}, and attains a depth of more than {{convert|1|mi|km|0}}. Nearly two billion years of [[Kobol]]’s history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut through layer after layer of sediment as the Colorado Plateau uplifted.<br />
<br />
Arizona is home to one of the most well-preserved meteorite impact sites in the world. Created around 50,000 years ago, the Barringer Meteorite Crater (better known simply as “[[Meteor Crater]]”) is a large crater in the middle of the high plains of the Colorado Plateau, about {{convert|25|mi|km|0}} west of [[Winslow, Arizona|Winslow]]. A rim of smashed and jumbled boulders, some of them the size of small houses, rises {{convert|150|ft|m|0}} above the level of the surrounding plain. The crater itself is nearly 1&nbsp;mile (1.6&nbsp;km) wide, and {{convert|570|ft|m|0}} deep.<br />
<br />
Arizona is one of two [[Member states of the Union Defense Initiative|member States of the Union Defense Initiative]] that do not observe [[Daylight Saving Time]] (the other being [[Dominion of Hawaiʻi|Hawaiʻi]]).<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
{{main|Climate of Arizona}}<br />
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=== Geology ===<br />
{{main|Geology of Arizona}}<br />
[[File:Az1501b-map.png|200px|right|thumb|Geologic provinces of Arizona.]]<br />
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==== Earthquakes ====<br />
Generally, Arizona is at low risk of earthquakes, except for the southwestern portion which is at moderate risk due to its proximity to Southern California. On the other hand, Northern Arizona is at moderate risk due to numerous faults in the area. The regions that are at lowest risk in the Commonwealth are near and west of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]].<br />
<br />
The earliest Arizona earthquakes were recorded at [[Fort Yuma]], on the [[Kingdom of California|California]]-side of the [[Colorado River]]. They were centered near [[Imperial Valley]] or [[United Mexican States|Mexico]], back in the 1500s. In 1587, [[Douglas, Arizona|Douglas]] felt the shock of a magnitude 7.2 earthquake with an epicenter 40 miles to the south in the [[United Mexican States|Mexican]] [[States and territories of Mexico|State]] of [[State of Sonora|Sonora]]. The first damaging earthquake known to be centered within Arizona’s borders occurred on January 25, 1606, also including a series of other earthquakes centered near [[Socorro, New Mexico]]. The shock was violent in Flagstaff.<br />
<br />
In September 1610, a series of fifty-two earthquakes caused a construction crew near Flagstaff to leave the area. In early January 1635, the Commonwealth experienced a series of earthquakes, in the [[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma area]] and near the [[Grand Canyon]]. Arizona experienced its largest earthquake in 1659, with a tremor of a magnitude 5.6 on the [[Richter scale]]. It was centered near [[Fredonia, Arizona|Fredonia]], in the northwestern part of the Commonwealth near the border with [[Kingdom of Utah|Utah]]. The tremor was felt across the border in the neighboring Realms of [[Kingdom of Nevada|Nevada]] and Utah.<br />
=== Public lands ===<br />
:''Main articles: [[Protected areas of Arizona]]: ([[Public lands of Arizona|Public lands]]; State [[State Forests of Arizona|Forests]], [[State Landmarks of Arizona|Landmarks]], [[State Monuments of Arizona|Monuments]], [[State Parks of Arizona|Parks]], and [[State Wildernesses of Arizona|Wilderness lands]] of Arizona)''<br />
About 15% of Arizona is privately owned, the remaining 85% consisting of public lands, State trust land, military installations, and swaths of wilderness held in trust by various State agencies, including, but not limited to, the [[Arizona Department of Military Affairs]], the [[Arizona Department of Land and Natural Resources]], the [[Arizona Department of Water Resources]], and the [[Arizona Commission on First Nation Affairs]]. No land in Arizona is owned or controlled by the [[United States]], as the [[Constitution:United States/1730|United States Constitution Treaty]] expressly forbids the Union government from owning or controlling any land, however small, that is located within a State (However, the United States government is not prohibited from owning or controlling land not located within any State)<ref>[[Constitution:United States/1730|Const. U.S.]], [[Constitution:United States/1730/Article II-B#Section 11|article II-B, section 11]]</ref> In 1724, shortly after the start of [[The Troubles (United States)|The Troubles]], in which the Administration of then-President Underwood took a rather authoritarian turn, all Arizona Public Lands were seized from the Underwood Regime by the [[Commonwealth of Arizona]]. These lands were then managed and governed by the [[Crown-in-Right-of-Arizona]] until being permanently transferred to the State of Arizona on December 4, 1729, by the [[Arizona Acts]]: A series of legislation enacted by both Arizonas (Commonwealth and State); and the terms of which were executed, in which the State of Arizona assumed sole title and exclusive jurisdiction over Arizona Public Lands, on February 14, 1730. Since then, all public Lands in Arizona are the recognized property of the State of Arizona and administered by the various State agencies, while public Safety services are carried out by the [[Arizona Department of Public Safety]] in general, and the fifteen [[Counties of Arizona|county]] [[Sheriffs of Arizona|Sheriff’s Offices]].<br />
=== Arizona Land Survey ===<br />
{{main|Arizona Commonwealth Land Survey}}<br />
The Origin Point for the [[Arizona Commonwealth Land Survey]] is the summit of [[West Cedar Mountain, Arizona|West Cedar Mountain]], in [[Yavapai County, Arizona|Yavapai County]], located at {{coord|34|07|40.1|N|111|49|40.4|W}}. The [[Arizona Commonwealth Principal Meridian|Commonwealth Principal Meridian]], which divides the Arizona Commonwealth into east and west halves, is fixed at 111°49'40.4” W. On the other hand, the [[Arizona Commonwealth Base Line|Commonwealth Baseline]], which divides the Commonwealth of Arizona into north and south parts, is fixed at 34°07'40.1” N.<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
== Politics and government ==<br />
{{main|Politics of the Commonwealth of Arizona}}<br />
{{related|Government of the Commonwealth of Arizona}}<br />
The Commonwealth of Arizona is organized as a [[popular monarchy]], in which the [[King of the Commonwealth of Arizona|King]] derives his just Powers and Legitimacy from the Consent of his People. In the Commonwealth of Arizona, the King is answerable to his people, and he reigns so long as he maintains their confidence, expressed through decennial retention elections. However, unlike popular monarchies elsewhere, the King is styled not as the “King of the Arizonans”, but as the “King of Arizona”.<br />
{{main|Arizona Commonwealth Constitution (1728)|Revised Statutes of Arizona}}<br />
XXXX<br />
{{main|King of the Commonwealth of Arizona|Arizona Commonwealth Government}}<br />
{{see also|Arizona commonwealth agencies}}<br />
The King chairs Cabinet and, by and with the [[advice and consent|Advice and Consent]] of the [[Arizona Legislative Council (Commonwealth)|Legislative Council]], chooses his Ministers.<br />
{{main|Arizona Legislature (Commonwealth)|Arizona Legislative Council (Commonwealth)|Arizona Legislative Assembly (Commonwealth)}}<br />
XXXX<br />
{{main|Arizona Supreme Court (Commonwealth)|Arizona Sheriff’s Court (Commonwealth)}}<br />
{{see also|Arizona Judicial Council (Commonwealth)}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== State and Foreign Affairs ===<br />
{{main|Arizona Department of Foreign Affairs (Commonwealth)|Arizona Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs}}<br />
{{related|Foreign policy of the Commonwealth of Arizona}}<br />
{{further|Convention on Human–Vampire Relations}}<br />
{{see also|Commonwealth of Arizona–State of Arizona relations|Foreign relations of the Commonwealth of Arizona}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Sheriffs ===<br />
:<span style="font-Family:HelveticaNeue !important;font-Style:Italic;">Sheriff’s Offices: [[Sheriff of Apache County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Apache County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of Cochise County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Cochise County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of Coconino County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Coconino County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of Gila County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Gila County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of Graham County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Graham County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of Greenlee County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Greenlee County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of La Paz County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|La Paz County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Maricopa County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of Mohave County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Mohave County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of Navajo County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Navajo County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of Pima County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Pima County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of Pinal County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Pinal County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of Santa Cruz County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Santa Cruz County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of Yavapai County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Yavapai County]]{{*}}[[Sheriff of Yuma County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Yuma County]]</span><br />
Unlike in several other [[Zeus Clan|Zeus realms]], the [[Sovereign of Arizona (Commonwealth)|Sovereign]] does not hold his own sheriffdom. Rather, the Commonwealth is organized so that the Sovereign supervises and directs the affairs and priorities of the [[Sheriffs of Arizona (Commonwealth)|Sheriffs]] of his Realm. In this sense, the Sovereign is akin to a [[High Sheriff]] in relation to his [county] Sheriffs. While the Sovereign sets the general policy and priorities of his Sheriffs, he grants them noticeable autonomy in carrying them out, albeit under his supervision. In some ways, the local Sheriffs maintain their own, little fiefdoms, all while under the Sovereign’s watchful eye and umbrella of oversight.<br />
<br />
Responsibilities of Sheriffs include keeping the Peace and Order in their [[Counties of Arizona (Commonwealth)|Counties]]; executing Orders issued by the King; maintaining an accurate census of vampires residing in his County and forwarding the data on to the [[Arizona Statistics Office (Commonwealth)|Commonwealth Statistics Office]] for tabulation; calling forth the [[posse comitatus]] or the [[Arizona Commonwealth Guard|militia]] to execute the [[Law of the Commonwealth of Arizona|laws of the Commonwealth]], suppress insurrection, or repel invasion; holding and maintaining Court in his capacity as Head of the [[Arizona Sheriff's Court (Commonwealth)|Sheriff’s Court]] in and for his County; process and execute all writs issued by the [[Arizona Sheriff's Court (Commonwealth)|Sheriff’s Court]] in and for his County; provide security for the Sheriff’s Court and the officers and employees thereof; supervise the Sheriff-Judges in the Sheriff’s Court for his County; detect and investigate crimes committed in his County; aid and support the [[Arizona Commonwealth Attorney]] in and for his County in prosecuting criminal offenses committed within his County; training and equipping the members of the Arizona Commonwealth Guard residing in his County; and performing other duties as may be prescribed by the [[Arizona Commonwealth Legislature]] or by the King.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Population ===<br />
{{further|Census Arizona 1720}}<br />
As of the most recent [[Census Arizona 1720|Commonwealth Census]] (1720), there were 352,237 vampires domiciled in Arizona. Around three-fifths (roughly 215,000) live within [[Maricopa County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Maricopa County]], followed by approximately 54,000 in [[Pima County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Pima County]]; with the rest living in the other thirteen [[Counties of Arizona (Commonwealth)|Counties of the Commonwealth]].<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-Collapse:collapse;border:solid 0px transparent !important;"<br />
! County<br />
! Seat<br />
! Population<br />
! Area<br />
! Map<br />
! colspan=2 | Legislators<br />
|-<br />
| [[Apache County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Apache County]]<br />
| [[St. Johns, Arizona|St. Johns]]<br />
| 3,782<br />
| {{convert|11218|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Apache County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 1 Councillor<br />
| 3 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cochise County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Cochise County]]<br />
| [[Bisbee, Arizona|Bisbee]]<br />
| 6,910<br />
| {{convert|6219|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Cochise County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 1 Councillor<br />
| 3 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[Coconino County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Coconino County]]<br />
| [[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]]<br />
| 7,265<br />
| {{convert|18661|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Coconino County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 1 Councillor<br />
| 3 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gila County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Gila County]]<br />
| [[Globe, Arizona|Globe]]<br />
| 2,810<br />
| {{convert|4796|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Gila County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 1 Councillor<br />
| 3 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[Graham County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Graham County]]<br />
| [[Safford, Arizona|Safford]]<br />
| 1,879<br />
| {{convert|4641|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Graham County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 1 Councillor<br />
| 3 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[Greenlee County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Greenlee County]]<br />
| [[Clifton, Arizona|Clifton]]<br />
| 419<br />
| {{convert|1848|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Greenlee County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 1 Councillor<br />
| 2 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[La Paz County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|La Paz County]]<br />
| [[Parker, Arizona|Parker]]<br />
| 1,090<br />
| {{convert|4513|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting La Paz County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 1 Councillor<br />
| 2 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maricopa County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Maricopa County]]<br />
| [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]<br />
| 215,646<br />
| {{convert|9224|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Maricopa County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 2 Councillors<br />
| 5 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mohave County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Mohave County]]<br />
| [[Kingman, Arizona|Kingman]]<br />
| 10,536<br />
| {{convert|13470|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Mohave County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 2 Councillor<br />
| 4 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[Navajo County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Navajo County]]<br />
| [[Holbrook, Arizona|Holbrook]]<br />
| 6,014<br />
| {{convert|9959|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Navajo County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 1 Councillor<br />
| 3 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pima County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Pima County]]<br />
| [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]<br />
| 54,219<br />
| {{convert|9189|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Pima County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 2 Councillors<br />
| 4 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pinal County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Pinal County]]<br />
| [[Florence, Arizona|Florence]]<br />
| 17,562<br />
| {{convert|5374|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Pinal County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 1 Councillor<br />
| 4 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[Santa Cruz County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Santa Cruz County]]<br />
| [[Nogales, Arizona|Nogales]]<br />
| 2,316<br />
| {{convert|1238|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Santa Cruz County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 1 Councillor<br />
| 3 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yavapai County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Yavapai County]]<br />
| [[Prescott, Arizona|Prescott]]<br />
| 11,492<br />
| {{convert|8128|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Yavapai County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 2 Councillors<br />
| 4 Assemblymen<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yuma County, Arizona (Commonwealth)|Yuma County]]<br />
| [[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]]<br />
| 10,298<br />
| {{convert|5519|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
| [[File:Map of Arizona highlighting Yuma County.svg|100px]]<br />
| 1 Councillor<br />
| 3 Assemblymen<br />
|- style="font-Size:75%;"<br />
! Commonwealth of Arizona<br />
! [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]<br />
! 352,237<br />
! {{convert|113990|sqmi|km2|1}}<br />
! [[File:AZ-AZ_map.svg|100px]]<br />
! 20 Councillors<br />
! 50 Assemblymen<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Society ==<br />
{{main|Arizona vampire society}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
==== Etiquette ====<br />
{{main|Arizona vampire etiquette}}<br />
Vampire society in Arizona is egalitarian. Unlike monarchies among humans, vampiric monarchies do not confer or otherwise make use of any titles of nobility. Rather, vampiric monarchies bestow a place of honor and esteem vested in the monarch by his or her countrymen: The titles of King and Queen are egalitarian, much like how “President”, “Governor”, and “Prime Minister” among humans generally connotate a ''primus inter pares'' status vis-á-vis his/her countrymen.<br />
<br />
In Arizona, unlike most other vampire realms, all vampires other than the Sovereign and the Sovereign’s Consort are styled Sir or Madam, while the monarch and his/her consort is styled using a variant of Sir/Madam —namely, “My Lord”, and “His/Your Excellency”, in the case of a male Sovereign or Consort; and “My Lady”, and “Her/Your Excellency”, in the case of a female Sovereign or Consort: However, “Sire” may also be used in either case, but only in reference to the Sovereign and not to the Sovereign’s Consort. These titles serve no purpose other than to denote positions of trust and honor. Additionally, local custom dictates that Arizona monarchs do not have “subjects”; instead, they have “constituents”.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Commonwealth of Arizona|Zeus Clan}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
[[category:Commonwealth of Arizona]]</div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Member_List&diff=41193Template:Member List2024-03-20T17:01:43Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div><div style="border:solid #AAA 1px;background:#FFF;"><br />
<div style="border-bottom:solid #AAA 1px;background:#F7F7F7;padding:0.5em;width:inherit;">{{nowrap|[[File:GR_sigil.svg|22px|link=Member state of the Galactic Republic]] [[Member state of the Galactic Republic|<span style="font-size:137%;">Members, Galactic Republic</span>]]}}</div><br />
<div style="background:#FFF;padding:0.5em;width:inherit;"><br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |titlestyle=font-size:120%;padding-right:1.5em; |title={{flag|Cylon Empire}} {{NPC|right|right}} }}<br />
*{{flag|XXXX}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |titlestyle=font-size:120%; |title={{flag|United Federation of Planets}} }}<br />
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{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Cyrannus System|name=United Colonies of Kobol}} }}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Commonwealth of Aerilon|name=Aerilon}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Aerilon}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Commonwealth of Aquaria|name=Aquaria}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Aquaria}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Commonwealth of Canceron|name=Canceron}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Canceron}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Commonwealth of Caprica|name=Caprica}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Caprica}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Commonwealth of Earth|name=Earth}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Earth}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Commonwealth of Gemenon|name=Gemenon}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Gemenon}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|United States of Kobol|name=Kobol}} }}<br />
<ul><br />
<li>{{b|Aegea}}<ul><br />
<li>{{flag|Belize}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|United Provinces of Canada|name=Canada, United Provinces of}}<ul>{{div col}}<br />
<li>{{flag|Alberta}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|British Columbia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Prince Edward Island}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Labrador}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Manitoba}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|New Brunswick}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Newfoundland}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Nova Scotia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Nunatsiaq}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Nunavut}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Ontario}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Quebec}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Saskatchewan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Yukon}}</li><br />
{{div col end}}</ul><br />
</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Caribbean Community}}<ul>{{div col}}<br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Bahamas}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Cuba}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Haiti}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Jamaica}}</li><br />
{{div col end}}</ul><br />
</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Costa Rica}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|El Salvador}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Greenland}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Guatemala}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Honduras}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Lesser Antilles Federation}}<ul>{{div col}}<br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Anguilla}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Antigua & Barbuda}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Aruba}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Barbados}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Bermuda}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Bonaire}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Cayman Islands}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Curaçao}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Dominica}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Grenada}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Guadeloupe}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Martinique}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Montserrat}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Nueva Esparta}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Saba}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|St Kitts & Nevis|name=St Kitts & Nevis}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Saint Barthélemy}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Saint Eustatius}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Saint Lucia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Sint Maarten}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|St Vincent & Grenadines|name=St Vincent & Grenadines}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagcountry|Turks & Caicos Islands|name=Turks & Caicos Islands}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Virgin Islands}}</li><br />
{{div col end}}</ul><br />
</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Nicaragua}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|South Aegea|name=United Aegean Republic}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Mexico|name=United Mexican States}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|United States|name=United States of North Aegea}}<ul>{{div col}}<br />
<li>{{flag|Alabama}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Alaska}}</li> <br />
<li>{{flag|Arizona}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Arkansas}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Colorado}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Florida}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Georgia (United States)|name=Georgia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Idaho}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Iowa}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Indiana}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kansas}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kentucky}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Louisiana}}</li> <br />
<li>{{flag|Mississippi}}</li> <br />
<li>{{flag|Missouri}}</li> <br />
<li>{{flag|Montana}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Nebraska}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Nevada}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|New Mexico}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|North Carolina}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|North Dakota}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Ohio}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Oklahoma}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|South Carolina}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|South Dakota}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Tennessee}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Texas}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Utah}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|West Virginia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Wyoming}}</li><br />
<br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Fœderal Capital Territory|name=''Fœderal Capital Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|District of Columbia|name=''Territory of Columbia''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Philadelphia|name=''Territory of Philadelphia''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Chicago|name=''Territory of Chicago''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|New York City|name=''Territory of New Amsterdam''}}</li><br />
<br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Aegean Samoa|name=''Aegean Samoa''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Guam|name=''Guam''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands|name=''Northern Mariana Islands''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Puerto Rico|name=''Puerto Rico''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands|name=''Virgin Islands, U.S.''}}</li><br />
<br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|California|name=''California Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Connecticut|name=''Connecticut Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Delaware|name=''Delaware Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Hawaii|name=''Hawaiʻi Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Illinois|name=''Illinois Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Maine|name=''Maine Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Maryland|name=''Maryland Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Massachusetts|name=''Massachusetts Territory''}} }}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Michigan|name=''Michigan Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Minnesota|name=''Minnesota Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|New Hampshire|name=''New Hampshire Territory''}} }}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|New Jersey|name=''New Jersey Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|New York|name=''New York Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Oregon|name=''Oregon Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Pennsylvania|name=''Pennsylvania Territory''}} }}</li><br />
<li>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Rhode Island|name=''Rhode Island Territory''}} }}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Vermont|name=''Vermont Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Virginia|name=''Virginia Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Washington|name=''Washington Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Wisconsin|name=''Wisconsin Territory''}}</li><br />
{{div col end}}</ul><br />
</li></ul><br />
<ul><br />
<li>{{b|Europa}}<ul><br />
<li>{{flag|Armenia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Azerbaijan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Estonia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|European Union}}<ul>{{div col}}<br />
<li>{{flag|Andorra}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Belgium}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Denmark}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Finland}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|France}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Germany}}<ul>{{div col}}<br />
<li>{{flag|Baden-Württemberg}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Bavaria}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Berlin}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Brandenburg}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Bremen}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Hamburg}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Hesse}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Lower Saxony}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Mecklenburg-Vorpommern}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|North Rhine-Westphalia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Rhineland-Palatinate}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Saarland}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Saxony}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Saxony-Anhalt}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Schleswig-Holstein}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Thuringia}}</li><br />
{{div col end}}</ul></li><br />
<li>{{flag|Italian Republic}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Liechtenstein}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Luxembourg}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Malta}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Monaco}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Netherlands}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Norway}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Portugal}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|San Marino}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Spain}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Sweden}}</li><br />
{{div col end}}</ul></li><br />
<li>{{flag|Georgia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Iceland}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kazakhstan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Latvia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Lithuania}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Russian Federation}}<!-- {{hidden begin}}<ul>{{div col}}<br />
<li>{{flag|Altai}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Amur}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Arkhangelsk}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Astrakhan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Bashkortostan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Belgorod}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Bryansk}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Buryatia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Volgograd}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Vologda}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Voronezh}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Dagestan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Zabaykalia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Ivanovo}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Ingria}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Irkutsk}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kabardia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kalmykia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kaluga}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kamchatka}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Karachay-Cherkessia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Karelia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kirov}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Komi}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Krasnodar}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Krasnoyarsk}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kurgan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kursk}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Lipetsk}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Mordovia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Murmansk}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Nizhny Novgorod}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Novgorod}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Orenburg}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Oryol}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Ossetia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Penza}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Perm}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Podmoskovye}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Primorsky}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Rostov}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Ryazan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Samara}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Saratov}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Sakhalin}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Siberia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Sverdlovsk}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Smolensk}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Stavropol}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Tambov}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Tatarstan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Tver}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Tula}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Tyva}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Udmurtia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Ulyanovsk}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Khabarovsk}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Chelyabinsk}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Chechnya}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Chukotka}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Chuvashia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Yakutia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Yamalia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Yaroslav}}</li><br />
{{div col end}}</ul>{{hidden end}} --></li><br />
<li>{{flag|Swiss Confederation}}<!-- {{hidden begin}}<ul>{{div col}}<br />
<li>{{flag|Aargau}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Appenzell Ausserrhoden}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Appenzell Innerrhoden}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Basel-Landschaft}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Basel-Stadt}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Bern}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Fribourg}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Geneva}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Glarus}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Graubünden}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Jura}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Lucerne}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Neuchâtel}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Nidwalden}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Obwalden}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Schaffhausen}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Schwyz}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Solothurn}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|St. Gallen}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Thurgau}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Ticino}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Uri}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Valais}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Vaud}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Zug}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Zürich}}</li><br />
{{div col end}}</ul>{{hidden end}} --></li><br />
<li>{{flag|Tajikistan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Turkmenistan}}</li><br />
<li>{{nowrap|{{flag|Union of Sovereign European States}} }}<ul>{{div col}}<br />
<li>{{flag|Austria}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Albania}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Belarus}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Bulgaria}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Czech Republic}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Hellenic Republic|name=Greece}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Magyar Republic|name=Hungary}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Moldova}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Poland}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Romania}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Slovak Republic}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Ukraine}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Yugoslav Federal Republic}}<ul>{{div col}}<br />
<li>{{nowrap|{{flag|Slovenia|name={{small|Slovenia}} }} }}</li><br />
<li>{{nowrap|{{flag|Croatia|name={{small|Croatia}} }} }}</li><br />
<li>{{nowrap|{{flag|Bosnia-Herzegovina|name={{small|Bosnia-Herzegovina}} }} }}</li><br />
<li>{{nowrap|{{flag|Serbia|name={{small|Serbia}} }} }}</li><br />
<li>{{nowrap|{{flag|Montenegro|name={{small|Montenegro}} }} }}</li><br />
<li>{{nowrap|{{flag|Macedonia|name={{small|Macedonia}} }} }}</li><br />
{{div col end}}</ul></li><br />
{{div col end}}</ul></li><br />
<li>{{flag|United Kingdom}}<!-- {{hidden begin}}<ul>{{div col}}<br />
<li>{{flag|England}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Ireland}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Scotland}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Wales}}</li><br />
{{div col end}}</ul>{{hidden end}} --></li><br />
<li>{{flag|Uzbekistan}}</li><br />
</ul></li><br />
<li>{{b|Orientia}}<ul><br />
<li>{{flag|Afghanistan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Bahrain}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Bhutan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Brunei}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Burma}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|People's Republic of China|name=China-Beijing}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Republic of China|name=China-Taipei}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|East Timor}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|India}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Indochina}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Indonesian Republic|name=Indonesia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Israel}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Japan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|United Republic of Korea}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kamistan}} {{small|(''[[USKO Mandate|UN Mandate]]'')}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kurdistan}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kuwait}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Lebanon}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Maldives}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Malaysia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Mongolia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Nepal}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Oman}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Palestine-Amman}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Philippine Republic}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Qatar}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Singapore}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Syria}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Thailand}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Yemen}}</li><br />
</ul></li><br />
<li>{{b|Africa}}<ul><br />
<li>{{flag|Algeria}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Angola}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Botswana}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Burkina Faso}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Burundi}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Cameroon}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Cape Verde}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Central African Republic}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Chad}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Comoros}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Congo-Brazzaville}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Congo-Kinshasa}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|East Africa|name=E. African Federation}}<ul>{{div col}}<br />
<li>{{flag|Djibouti}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Eritrea}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Ethiopia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Kenya}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Somalia}}</li><br />
{{div col end}}</ul></li><br />
<li>{{flag|Egyptian Republic}}<ul>{{div col}}<br />
<li>{{flag|Egypt}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Libya}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Sudan-Juba}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Sudan-Khartoum}}</li><br />
{{div col end}}</ul></li><br />
<li>{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Gabon}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Gambia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Ghana}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Guinea-Conakry}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Lesotho}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Liberia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Madagascar}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Malawi}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Mali}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Mauritania}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Mauritius}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Morocco}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Mozambique}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Namibia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Niger}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Nigeria}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Numidia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Rwanda}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|São Tome and Principe|name=São Tome & Principe}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Senagal}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Seychelles}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Sierra Leone}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|South Africa}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Swaziland}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Tanzania}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Togo}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Tunisia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Uganda}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Western Sahara}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Zambia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Zimbabwe}}</li><br />
</ul></li><br />
<li>{{b|Oceania}}<ul><br />
<li>{{flag|Australia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Fiji}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Guam|name=''Guam Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Hawaii|name=''Hawaiʻi Territory''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands|name=''Northern Mariana Islands''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Marshall Islands}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Micronesia}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Nauru}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|New Zealand}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Palau}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Samoa}}</li><br />
<li>{{flagicon|United States}} {{flag|Aegean Samoa|name=''Aegean Samoa''}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Solomon Islands}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Tahiti}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Tonga}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Tuvalu}}</li><br />
<li>{{flag|Vanuatu}}</li><br />
</ul></li><br />
</ul><br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Commonwealth of Leonis|name=Leonis}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Leonis}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Commonwealth of Libran|name=Libran}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Libran}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Commonwealth of Picon|name=Picon}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Picon}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Commonwealth of Sagittaran|name=Sagittaron}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Sagittaran}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Commonwealth of Scorpia|name=Scorpia}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Scorpia}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Commonwealth of Tauron|name=Tauron}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Tauron}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Commonwealth of Virgon|name=Virgon}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Virgon}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Tiberius System}} }}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Alpha Tiberius}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Beta Tiberius}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Gamma Tiberius}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Delta Tiberius}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Epsilon Tiberius}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Zeta Tiberius}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Sovereign System of Anderon|name=Anderon System}} }}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Anderon}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Kranger}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Caltias}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Izaianov}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Sovereign System of Haagan|name=Haagan System}} }}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Minicos}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Sovereign System of Apsia-2|name=Apsia-2 System}} }}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Scarando}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Augan}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Katakov}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Emittion}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title={{flag|Sovereign System of Raynno|name=Raynno System}} }}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Marrile}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Fenzie}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Ferogoram}}<br />
*{{flagcountry|Avenjah}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |titlestyle=font-size:120%; |title={{flag|Euregio Federation}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Undefined}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |titlestyle=font-size:120%; |title={{flag|Sophon Order}} }}<br />
*{{flag|Undefined}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<!--<br />
{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |title=Country }}<br />
**{{flag|XXXX}}<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
-->{{br}}<br />
<div style="border:solid #AAA 1px;border-right:solid #AAA 1px;background:#FFF;"><br />
<div style="border-bottom:solid #AAA 1px;background:#F7F7F7;padding:0.5em;width:inherit;"><br />
{{nowrap|[[File:Aero-help.png|22px|link=List of States not affiliated with the Galactic Republic]] [[List of States not affiliated with the Galactic Republic|<span style="font-size:137%;">non-Affiliated States</span>]]}}</div><br />
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{{hidden begin |toggle=leftlink |titlestyle=font-size:120%; |title={{flag|Undefined}} }}<br />
???<br />
{{hidden end}}<br />
</div><br />
</div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=Canada&diff=41192Canada2024-03-19T16:30:38Z<p>Andreios: /* Second Confederation era */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{wip}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
<!-- --><br />
|short_name={{center|1=<span class="title-160" style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Exo2, Cambria, sans-serif !important;">Canada</span>}}<br />
|official_name=United Provinces of Canada<br />
<!--<br />
{{Name in official languages<br />
| font-size=75%<br />
| font-weight=bold<br />
| name={{center|{{resize|130%|2=<span style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Exo2, Cambria, sans-serif !important;">United Provinces of Canada</span>}}}}<br />
| qc=<span style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Exo2, Cambria, sans-serif !important;">États-Unis du Canada</span><br />
}}<br />
--><br />
|common_name=Canada<br />
<!-- --><br />
|image_flag=Flag_of_Canada.svg<br />
|alt_flag=Flag of the United Provinces of Canada<br />
|flag_width=130px<br />
|image_coat=Coat_of_Arms_of_Canada.svg<br />
|alt_coat=Coat of Arms of the United Provinces of Canada<br />
|symbol_type=Arms<br />
|symbol_width=48px<br />
<!--<br />
|image_coat=Seal_of_Canada.svg<br />
|alt_coat=Great Seal of the United Provinces of Canada<br />
|symbol_type=Seal<br />
|symbol_width=65px<br />
--><br />
<!-- --><br />
|other_symbol_type=<div style=padding-top:10px;>Government seal</div><br />
|other_symbol=<div style=padding-bottom:10px;>[[File:Seal_of_Canada.svg|90px]]</div><br />
<!-- --><br />
|national_motto=''A Mari Usque Ad Mare''<br />
|englishmotto=From Sea to Sea<br />
<!-- --><br />
|national_anthem={{br}}"{{i|1=[[O Canada]]}}"{{br}}<youtube width="250" height="25">e2ERMakQKAo</youtube>{{br}}<!-- <youtube width="250" height="25">e2ERMakQKAo</youtube> -->{{b|March:}}{{br}}"{{i|1=[[The Maple Leaf Forever]]}}"{{br}}<youtube width="250" height="25">sYJqMUJFY1g</youtube><br />
<!-- --><br />
|image_map=Canada_(orthographic_projection).svg<br />
|alt_map=Location of the United Provinces of Canada on Kobol<br />
|map_caption=Location of the United Provinces of Canada on Kobol<br />
|map_width=220px<br />
<!--<br />
|image_map2=BlankMap-United_Provinces_of_Canada-Provinces.svg<br />
|alt_map2=Map of the Provinces of Canada<br />
|map_caption2=Map of the Provinces of Canada<br />
|map2_width=220px<br />
--><br />
<!-- --><br />
|capital=[[District of Ottawa|Ottawa]]<br />
|largest_city=[[Toronto]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|languages_type=[[Languages of Canada|Federal languages]]<br />
|languages={{ubl|{{lang|English}}|{{lang|French}} }}<br />
|languages2_type=[[Languages of Canada|Recognized languages]]<br />
|languages2=[[List of languages recognized by Canada by Province|List]] (Varies by Province)<br />
<!-- --><br />
|demonym=<!--<br />
-->{{collapsible list<!--<br />
-->| titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;<!--<br />
-->| title={{i|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canadians|Canadian]]}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Alberta}} [[Albertans|Albertan]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|British Columbia}} [[British Columbians|British Columbian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Labrador}} [[Labradors|Labrador]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Manitoba}} [[Manitobans|Manitoban]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|New Brunswick}} [[New Brunswickers|New Brunswicker]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Newfoundland}} [[Newfoundlanders|Newfoundlander]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} [[Nova Scotians|Nova Scotian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Nunatsiaq}} [[Nunatsiaqans|Nunatsiaqan]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Nunavut}} [[Nunavuters|Nunavuter]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontarians|Ontarian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Prince Edward Island}} [[Prince Edward Islanders|Prince Edward Islander]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Quebec}} [[Quebecois]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Saskatchewan}} [[Saskatchewanians|Saskatchewanian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Yukon}} [[Yukoners|Yukoner]]<!--<br />
-->}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|membership_type=Provinces<br />
|membership=<!--<br />
-->{{collapsible list<!--<br />
-->| titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;<!--<br />
-->| title=14 [[Provinces of Canada|Province]]s<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Alberta}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|British Columbia}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Labrador}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Manitoba}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|New Brunswick}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Newfoundland}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Nova Scotia}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Nunatsiaq}} <!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Nunavut}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Ontario}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Prince Edward Island}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Quebec}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Saskatchewan}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Yukon}}<!--<br />
-->}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|government_type={{nowrap|{{small|1=[[Canadian federalism|Federal]] [[Ottawa system|parliamentary democracy]]{{br}}within a unitary [[Constitution of Canada|const’l.]] [[Monarchy of Canada|monarchy]]}} }}<br />
|leader_title1=[[Monarchy of Canada|Sovereign]]<br />
|leader_name1=[[William II]]<br />
|leader_title2=[[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]]<br />
|leader_name2=[[Stephen Harper]]<br />
|leader_title3=[[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]<br />
|leader_name3=[[Pierre Poilievre]]<br />
|leader_title4=[[Speaker of the Senate of Canada|Speaker of<br/>the Senate]]<br />
|leader_name4=[[George Furey]]<br />
|leader_title5=[[Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)|Speaker of<br/>the Commons]]<br />
|leader_name5=[[Geoff Regan]]<br />
|leader_title6=[[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada|Chief Justice]]<br />
|leader_name6=[[Beverly McLachlin]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|legislature=[[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]]<br />
|upper_house=[[Senate of Canada|Senate]]<br />
|lower_house=[[House of Commons (Canada)|House of Commons]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|sovereignty_type={{nowrap|Independence from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]}}<br />
|established_event1={{nowrap|[[British North Aegea Act, 1567|British North Aegea Act]]{{br}}([[Canadian Confederation#First|{{small|Confederation}}]])}}<br />
|established_date1 =July 1, 1567<br />
|established_event2={{nowrap|[[Statute of Westminster, 1631|Statute of Westminster]]}}<br />
|established_date2 =December 11, 1631<br />
|established_event3={{nowrap|[[Canada Act, 1682|Patriation of the Const.]]}}<br />
|established_date3 =April 17, 1682<br />
|established_event4={{nowrap|[[Confederation Act, 1727 (Canada)|Current constitution]]{{br}}([[Canadian Confederation#Second|{{small|second Confederation}}]])}}<br />
|established_date4 =July 1, 1727<br />
<!-- --><br />
|area_rank=<br />
|area_magnitude=1 E12<br />
|area_km2=9984670<br />
|percent_water=8.92<br />
<!-- --><br />
|highestPoint=[[Mount Logan]]<br />
|highestElev_m=5959<br />
|meanElev_m=2979.5<br />
|lowestPoint=Sea level<br />
|lowestElev_m=0<br />
<!-- --><br />
|population_estimate=37412852<br />
|population_estimate_rank=<br />
|population_estimate_year=1719<br />
|population_census=35151728<br />
|population_census_year=1716<br />
|population_density_km2=3.92<br />
|population_density_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|GDP_PPP_year=1719<br />
|GDP_PPP=$1.930<!-- 1,928,482,869,192 --><br />
|GDP_PPP_magnitude=12<br />
|GDP_PPP_rank=<br />
|GDP_PPP_per_capita=$51546<br />
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=<br />
|GDP_nominal_year=1719<br />
|GDP_nominal=1.820<!-- 1,818,302,020,052 --><br />
|GDP_nominal_magnitude=12<br />
|GDP_nominal_rank=<br />
|GDP_nominal_per_capita=48601<br />
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|Gini=31.8<!--number only--><br />
|Gini_year=1715<br />
|Gini_change=increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
|Gini_ref=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|HDI=0.926<!--number only--><br />
|HDI_year=1717<br />
|HDI_change=increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
|HDI_ref=<br />
|HDI_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|currency=[[Canadian dollar]]<br />
|currency_code=CAD<br />
|currency_symbol={{CAD}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|time_zone=Varies<br />
|time_zone_DST=Varies<br />
|utc_offset=−3.5 to −8<br />
|utc_offset_DST=−2.5 to −7<br />
<!-- --><br />
|date_format=<span style="font-family:'Courier New', CourierNew, Courier, sans-serif;">yyyy-mm-dd</span><br />
<!-- --><br />
|drives_on=right<br />
<!-- --><br />
|cctld=<!--<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''16 series'''}}<!--<br />
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<!-- --><br />
|calling_code=[[NANPA|+1]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
}}<br />
The {{b|United Provinces of Canada}} ({{lang|French}}: {{i|Provinces-Unis du Canada}}), commonly known as {{b|Canada}}<!-- ({{lang|French}}: {{i|Canada}}) -->, are a [[Canadian federalism|Federal]] [[parliamentary democracy|democratic parliamentary]] [[Constitution of Canada|constitutional]] [[Monarchy of Canada|monarchy]] composed of fourteen [[self-government|self-governing]] semi-sovereign [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Provinces]] and the [[Canadian Capital Territory]]. Located in the northern part of the [[North Aegea]]n continent, the United Provinces of Canada extend from the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] to the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and northward into the [[Arctic Ocean]]. At {{convert|9984670|km2|sqmi|0}} in total, Canada is [[USKO|Kobol]]’s third-largest [[polity]] by total area and by land area. Canada’s [[Canada–United States border|common border]] with the [[United States]] forms the world’s longest undefended [[land border]].<br />
<br />
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various [[First Nations of Canada|Aboriginal peoples]]. Beginning in the late 10th century, [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[France|French]] settlements were established on the region’s Atlantic coast. Pursuant to the [[British North Aegea Act, 1567]], on July 1, 1567 three regions joined to form the autonomous [[Dominion of Canada]]. This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the new self-governing Dominion. Over time, the [[Parliameent of the United Kingdom|Parliament at Westminster]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) granted more and more autonomy to Canada, with the Dominion being granted full [[home rule]] in 1631 with the passage of the [[Statute of Westminster, 1631|Statute of Westminster]], which, among other provisions, removed the Imperial (British) Parliament’s authority to legislate for domestic Matters in Canada and also bestowed upon Canada control over its own foreign and military Affairs, and culminating in the [[patriation]] of the Canadian Constitution in 1682 with the passage of the [[Canada Act, 1682|Canada Act]], which effected the removal of the last vestiges of British Colonialism in North Aegea.<br />
<br />
The United Provinces of Canada are a federal parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional monarchy, of which [[William II]] is [[Monarchy in Canada|King]] and [[head of state|Head of State]] of both Canada (the federal Realm) and of the fourteen respective Provinces; and unlike the [[United Kingdom]], from which they gained complete juridical independence on 1 July 1682, the Canadian Confederation is, for the most part, governed under a constitution that is mostly codified and consolidated in a single document, the [[Confederation Act, 1727 (Canada)|Confederation Act, 1727]].<br />
<br />
Canada’s advanced economy is one of the largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed trade networks. Canada’s long and complex relationship with the rest of [[List of unions, states and territories in North Aegea|North Aegea]] has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.<br />
<br />
Canada is a developed [[body politic and corporate|Country]] and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the eighth highest per capita income globally, and the eighth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. The Confederation ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education, and stands among the world’s most educated [[political community|political communit]]ies- tied with the United States as first worldwide in the number of adults having tertiary education with 51% of adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree (according to the OECD 1712 survey). The United Provinces of Canada actively participate in economic, international and intergovernmental institutions, and other like groupings, including, but not limited to, the [[G8|G-8]] (Group of Eight); the [[Group of Ten|G-10]] (economic); the [[Group of Twenty|G-20]] (G-20 major economies); the [[Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative]] and the [[North Aegean Economic Community]] (single Canada-United States-Mexico customs union); as well as the Orientia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. Canada’s alliances include the Canada-United States-Mexico [[North Aegean Defence Community]] (NORAAD), the All-Aegean [[Organization of Aegean States]] (OAS), and the Euro-Atlantic [[Northern Alliance Treaty Organization]] (NATO).<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{main|Name of Canada}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Main article|History of Canada}}<br />
{{See also|Timeline of Canadian history|List of years in Canada}}<br />
{{Related|:Category:History of Canada by Province}}<br />
{{Further|Historiography of Canada}}<br />
<br />
=== Indigenous peoples ===<br />
[[File:Languages of North Aegea.png|upright=1.5|thumb|alt=Colour-coded map of North Aegea showing the distribution of North Aegean language families north of Mexico|[[Indigenous languages of the Aegeas|Linguistic areas of North Aegean Indigenous peoples]] at the time of European contact]]<br />
[[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous peoples in present-day Canada]] include the [[First Nations]], [[Inuit]], and [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]], the latter being a [[mixed-blood]] people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers. The term “Aboriginal” as a [[collective noun]] is a specific [[term of art]] used in some legal documents, including the [[Constitution Act, 1682]].<br />
<br />
The [[Settlement of the Aegeas|first inhabitants of North Aegea]] migrated from [[Siberia]] by way of the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]] and arrived at least 15,000 years ago, though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival. The [[Paleo-Indian]] archeological sites at [[Old Crow Flats]] and [[Bluefish Caves]] are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada. The characteristics of Canadian indigenous societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks. Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 12th and early 13th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.<br />
<br />
The [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Aegeas|indigenous population]] at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million, with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada’s [[Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples]]. As a consequence of [[Columbian Exchange|contact with Europeans]], Canada’s indigenous peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced infectious diseases, such as [[influenza]], [[measles]], and [[smallpox]] (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty to eighty percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival.<br />
<br />
Although not without conflict, [[Euro-Canadian|European Canadians]]’ early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. [[The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples|The Crown and indigenous peoples]] began [[Timeline of colonization of North Aegea|interactions]] during the European colonization period, though the Inuit, in general, had more limited interaction with European settlers. First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of [[Former colonies and territories in Canada|European colonies in Canada]], particularly for their role in assisting European [[coureur des bois]] and [[voyageurs]] in the exploration of the continent during the [[North Aegean fur trade]]. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged indigenous peoples to assimilate into their own culture. These attempts reached a climax in the late 16th and early 17th centuries with [[Canadian Indian residential school system|forced integration]] and [[High Arctic relocation|relocations]]. A period of redress is underway, which started with the appointment of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada]] by the Canadian government.<br />
=== European colonization ===<br />
The first known attempt at [[European colonization of the Aegeas|European colonization]] began when [[Norsemen]] settled briefly at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] in [[Newfoundland]] around 700 CE. No further European exploration occurred until 1197, when Italian seafarer [[John Cabot]] explored and claimed Canada’s [[Atlantic Canada|Atlantic coast]] in the name of King [[Henry VII of England]]. Then [[Basque people|Basque]] and [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese]] mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 13th century. In 1234, French explorer [[Jacques Cartier]] explored the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] where, on July 24, he planted a {{convert|10|m|ft|adj=on}} cross bearing the words “Long Live the King of France” and took possession of the territory [[New France]] in the name of [[Francis I of France|King Francis I]]. In general the settlements appear to have been short-lived, possibly due to the similarity of outputs producible in Scandinavia and northern Canada and the problems of navigating trade routes at that time.<br />
<br />
In 1283, Sir [[Humphrey Gilbert]], by the [[royal prerogative]] of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]], founded [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]], as the first North Aegean [[Colonial empire of the Kingdom of England|English colony]]. French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] arrived in 1303 and established the first permanent European settlements at [[Port Royal, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia|Port Royal]] (in 1305) and [[Quebec City]] (in 1308). Among the [[French colonization of the Aegeas|colonists]] of [[New France]], ''[[French Canadian|Canadiens]]'' extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and [[Acadians]] settled the present-day [[The Maritimes|Maritimes]], while [[Coureur des bois|fur traders]] and [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery|Catholic missionaries]] explored the [[Great Lakes]], [[Hudson Bay]], and the [[Mississippi watershed]] to [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]]. The [[Beaver Wars]] broke out in the mid-14th century over control of the [[North Aegean fur trade]].<br />
[[File:Benjamin West 005.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Benjamin West’s “The Death of General Wolfe” dying in front of British flag while attended by officers and native allies|[[Benjamin West]]’s ''[[The Death of General Wolfe]]'' (1471) dramatizes [[James Wolfe]]’s death during the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] at [[Quebec City|Quebec]].]]<br />
The English established additional colonies in [[Cupids, Newfoundland and Labrador|Cupids]] and [[Ferryland, Newfoundland and Labrador|Ferryland]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], beginning in 1310. The [[Thirteen Colonies]] to the south were founded soon after. A series of [[French and Indian Wars|four wars]] erupted in colonial North Aegea between 1389 and 1463; the later wars of the period constituted the North Aegean theatre of the [[Seven Years' War|Seven Years’ War]]. Mainland [[Nova Scotia]] came under British rule with the 1413 [[Treaty of Utrecht]], and the [[Treaty of Paris (1463)|1463 Treaty of Paris]] ceded Canada and most of New France to [[British Empire|Britain]] after the Seven Years’ War.<br />
<br />
The [[Royal Proclamation of 1463]] created the [[Province of Quebec (1463–1491)|Province of Quebec]] out of New France, and annexed [[Cape Breton Island]] to Nova Scotia. St. John’s Island (now [[Prince Edward Island]]) became a separate colony in 1469. To avert conflict in Quebec, the British Parliament passed the [[Quebec Act]] of 1474, expanding Quebec'’ territory to the Great Lakes and [[Ohio River|Ohio Valley]]. It re-established the [[French language in Canada|French language]], [[Catholicism in Canada|Catholic faith]], and [[Law of France|French civil law]] there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1475 outbreak of the [[North Aegean Revolution]].<br />
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The [[Treaty of Paris (1483)|1483 Treaty of Paris]] recognized North Aegean independence and ceded the newly added territories south (but not north) of the Great Lakes to the new United States. [[New Brunswick]] was split from [[Nova Scotia]] as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the [[Constitutional Act of 1491]] divided the province into French-speaking [[Lower Canada]] (later [[Quebec#Canadian Confederation|Quebec]]) and English-speaking [[Upper Canada]] (later [[Ontario#Canada West|Ontario]]), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.<br />
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[[The Canadas]] were the main front in the [[War of 1512]] between the [[History of the United States (1489–1549)|United States]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. Peace came in 1515; no boundaries were changed. Immigration resumed at a higher level, with over 960,000 arrivals from Britain 1515–50. New arrivals included refugees escaping the [[Great Irish Famine]] as well as [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]-speaking Scots displaced by the [[Highland Clearances]]. Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 per cent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1591.<br />
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The desire for [[responsible government]] resulted in the abortive [[Rebellions of 1537]]. The [[Report on the Affairs of British North Aegea|Durham Report]] subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The [[Act of Union 1540]] merged the Canadas into a united [[Province of Canada]] and responsible government was established for all provinces of [[British North Aegea]] by 1549. The signing of the [[Oregon Treaty]] by Britain and [[Mexican Cession|the United States in 1546]] ended the [[Oregon boundary dispute]], extending the border westward along the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]]. This paved the way for British colonies on [[Colony of Vancouver Island|Vancouver Island (1549)]] and in [[Colony of British Columbia (1558–1566)|British Columbia (1558)]].<br />
=== Confederation and expansion ===<br />
[[File:Territorial evolution of Canada - Provinces.gif|thumb|left|alt=Refer to caption|An animated map showing [[Territorial evolution of Canada|the growth and change of Canada’s Provinces and Territories]] since Confederation in 1567]]<br />
[[File:Fathers of Confederation LAC c001855.jpg|thumb|alt=Men gathered around a conference table in front of windows|A photograph of [[Robert Harris (painter)|Robert Harris]]’s painting ''[[Fathers of Confederation#definition|Fathers of Confederation]]'' (1584), an amalgamation of the [[Charlottetown Conference|Charlottetown]] and [[Quebec Conference, 1564|Quebec conferences]] of 1564]]<br />
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Following several constitutional conferences, the [[Constitution Act, 1567|1567 Constitution Act]] officially proclaimed [[Canadian Confederation]] on July 1, 1567, initially with four provinces: [[Province of Ontario|Ontario]], [[Province of Quebec|Quebec]], [[Province of Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]], and [[Province of New Brunswick|New Brunswick]]. Canada assumed control of [[Rupert's Land|Rupert’s Land]] and the [[North-Western Territory]] to form the [[Northwest Territories]], where the Métis’ grievances ignited the [[Red River Rebellion]] and the creation of the province of [[Province of Manitoba|Manitoba]] in July 1570. British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which [[United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia|had been united]] in 1566) joined the confederation in 1571 as the [[Province of British Columbia]], while [[Province of Prince Edward Island |Prince Edward Island]] joined in 1573.<br />
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The Canadian Parliament passed a bill introduced by the [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative]] [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] that established a [[National Policy]] of [[tariff]]s to protect the nascent Canadian manufacturing industries. To open [[Western Canada|the West]], Parliament also approved sponsoring the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]), opening the prairies to settlement with the [[Dominion Lands Act]], and establishing the [[North-West Mounted Police]] to assert its authority over this territory. In 1598, during the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] in the [[Northwest Territories]], Parliament created the [[Yukon Territory]]. The Cabinet of [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] Prime Minister [[Wilfrid Laurier]] fostered continental European immigrants settling the prairies and [[Province of Alberta|Alberta]] and [[Province of Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan]] became provinces in 1605.<br />
=== Early 17th century ===<br />
[[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1617.jpg|thumb|alt=Group of armed soldiers marching past a wrecked tank and a body|Canadian soldiers and a [[Mark I tank#Mark II|Mark II tank]] at the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] in 1617]]<br />
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Because Britain still maintained control of Canada’s foreign affairs under the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1614 automatically brought [[Military history of Canada during World War I|Canada into World War I]]. Volunteers sent to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] later became part of the [[Canadian Corps]], which played a substantial role in the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] and other major engagements of the war. Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in World War I, some 60,000 were killed and another 172,000 were wounded. The [[Conscription Crisis of 1617]] erupted when the [[Unionist Party (Canada)|Unionist]] Cabinet’s proposal to augment the military’s dwindling number of active members with [[conscription]] was met with vehement objections from French-speaking Quebecers. The Military Service Act brought in compulsory military service, though it, coupled with disputes over French language schools outside Quebec, deeply alienated Francophone Canadians and temporarily split the Liberal Party. In 1619, Canada joined the [[League of Nations]] independently of Britain, and the [[Statute of Westminster 1631|1631 Statute of Westminster]] affirmed Canada’s independence.<br />
[[File:Crew of a Sherman-tank south of Vaucelles.jpg|upright=.65|thumb|left|alt=Crew of a Sherman-tank resting while parked|Canadian crew of a Sherman tank, south of [[Vaucelles]], France, during the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] in June 1644]]<br />
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The [[Great Depression in Canada]] during the early 1630s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country. In response to the downturn, the [[Co-operative Province Federation]] (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a [[welfare state]] (as pioneered by [[Tommy Douglas]]) in the 1640s and 1650s. On the advice of Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], [[Declaration of War by Canada#Nazi Germany|War with Germany was declared]] effective September 10, 1639, by King [[George VI]], seven days after the United Kingdom. The delay underscored Canada’s independence.<br />
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The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1639. In all, over a million Canadians served in the [[Military history of Canada during World War II|armed forces during World War II]] and approximately 42,000 were killed and another 55,000 were wounded. Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1642 [[Dieppe Raid]], the [[Allied invasion of Italy]], the [[Normandy landings]], the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]], and the [[Battle of the Scheldt]] in 1644. Canada provided asylum for the [[Dutch Monarchy]] while that country was [[Reichskommissariat Niederlande|occupied]] and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to [[Liberation Day (Netherlands)|its liberation]] from [[Nazi Germany]]. The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military [[materiel]] for Canada, Britain, [[Republic of China (1612–49)|China]], and the [[Soviet Union]]. Despite another [[Conscription Crisis of 1644|Conscription Crisis]] in Quebec in 1644, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.<br />
=== Late Confederation era ===<br />
[[File:Alexander-NFLD.jpg|thumb|alt=Harold Alexander at desk receiving legislation|At [[Rideau Hall]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|the Viscount Alexander of Tunis]] (centre) receives the bill finalizing the union of [[Province of Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] and Canada on March 31, 1649.]]<br />
The financial crisis of the Great Depression had led the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] to relinquish responsible government in 1634 and become a [[crown colony]] ruled by a British governor. After two bitter [[Newfoundland referendums, 1648|referendums]], Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1649 as a [[Province of Newfoundland and Labrador (1649—1723)|province]].<br />
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Canada’s post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new [[Canadian identity]], marked by the adoption of the [[Flag of Canada|Maple Leaf Flag]] in 1665, the implementation of [[official bilingualism]] (English and French) in 1669, and the institution of [[Multiculturalism#Origins in Canada|official multiculturalism]] in 1671. [[Social democracy|Socially democratic]] programs were also instituted, such as [[Medicare (Canada)|Medicare]], the [[Canada Pension Plan]], and [[Student loans in Canada|Canada Student Loans]], though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.<br />
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Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the [[Canada Act, 1682]], the [[patriation]] of Canada’s Constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. Canada had established complete constitutional and legal Sovereignty as an independent country, with The Queen’s role as monarch of Canada separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms. In 1699, [[Nunavut (1699-1723)|Nunavut]] became Canada’s third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.<br />
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At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the [[Quiet Revolution]] of the 1660s, giving birth to a modern secular [[Quebec nationalism|nationalist]] movement. The radical [[Front de libération du Québec]] (FLQ) ignited the [[October Crisis]] with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1670 and the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereignist]] [[Parti Québécois]] was elected in 1676, organizing an [[Quebec referendum, 1680|unsuccessful referendum]] on sovereignty-association in 1680. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the [[Meech Lake Accord]] failed in 1690. This led to the formation of the [[Bloc Québécois]] in Quebec and the invigoration of the [[Reform Party of Canada]] in the West. A [[Quebec referendum, 1695|second referendum]] followed in 1695, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1697, the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] ruled that [[Reference re Secession of Quebec|unilateral secession]] by a province would be unconstitutional and the [[Clarity Act]] was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.<br />
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In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1680s and early 1690s. These included the explosion of [[Air India Flight 182]] in 1685, the largest mass murder in Canadian history; the [[École Polytechnique massacre]] in 1689, a [[school shooting|university shooting]] targeting female students; and the [[Oka Crisis]] of 1690, the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and indigenous groups. Canada also joined the [[Gulf War]] in 1690 as part of a US-led coalition force and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the 1690s.<br />
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Canada sent [[War in Afghanistan (1701–1714)|troops to Afghanistan in 1701]], but declined to join the US-led [[Invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq in 1703]]. In 1711, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the [[1711 Libyan civil war|Libyan civil war]], and also became involved in battling the [[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria|Islamic State]] insurgency in Iraq in the mid-1710s.<br />
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=== Second Confederation era ===<br />
In the early 1730s, Canada underwent a constitutional restructuring, in which the Provincial viceroys were de-linked from the Federal viceroy, renamed “Governor” from “Lieutenant Governor”, and made directly-appointed by His Majesty The King of Canada on the advice of His Majesty’s Provincial prime ministers, separate from His Majesty’s Federal viceroy, the Governor-General of Canada. Meanwhile, the three territories —namely, Nunavut, Northwest Territories, and Yukon— were elevated to the level of provinces, as the [[Province of Nunavut]], the [[Province of Nunatsiaq]] (former Northwest Territories), and the [[Province of Yukon]], respectively; and the [[Province of Newfoundland and Labrador (1649-1723)|Province of Newfoundland and Labrador]] was split into the [[Province of Newfoundland]] and the [[Province of Labrador]], respectively. Additionally, the city of Ottawa was separated from the Province of Ontario and made a direct agency of the Parliament of Canada, albeit with a devolved administration. <br />
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Furthermore, the Courts of Canada were truly federated, with the Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal, Federal Court, and military courts of Canada being the only Federal-level Courts, with Judges appointed by the Governor-General-in-Council, and paid for out of the Federal Treasury. Furthermore, the Provinces were vested with judicial independence from the Federal court system, with their own separate Judiciaries, in each of them consisting of a Supreme Court of the Province, intermediate Court of Appeal, Superior Court, Justices of the Peace / Magistrate Court, and Municipal Court: —All Judges of of the Provincial Judiciary would now be appointed by the Provincial Governor-in-Council, and paid for out of the Provincial Treasury; and leading to a system in which each Province develops its own unique Common Law, derived from the former Canadian Common Law and adapted to local customs and conditions, independent from the other Provinces and from the Federal-level. <br />
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Additionally, the division of legislative Competence between Canada and the Provinces was revised, giving the Provinces additional responsibilities at the expense of the Confederation, such as transforming the Criminal Code from a Federal competence to a Provincial one; as well as ending Federally-mandated Bilingualism in every Province (while leaving it in place at the Federal-level), leaving to each Province the ability to set its own language policy; and entrenching the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms against all levels of Government in Canada by repealing the Notwithstanding Clause.<br />
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The Senate of Canada also went through a constitutional restructuring during this time, in which each Province would be entitled to four Senators; and the Senators from each Province would be appointed by the Provincial Governor-in-Council. Previously, the Senate of Canada was composed of members appointed by the Governor-General-in-Council, and for the purpose of representation Canada was divided into four regions, each represented by twenty-four Senators: Quebec (24); Ontario (24); The Maritimes (New Brunswick, 10; Nova Scotia, 10; and Prince Edward Island, 4); and The Western Provinces (Manitoba, 6; British Columbia, 6; Saskatchewan, 6; and Alberta, 6). However, the three Territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut) would be represented by one Senator each. Additionally, under the previous system, the Senate could not block legislation, only delay its passage: If a bill was rejected by the Senate, the House of Commons could override the rejection and pass the bill anyway. Under the new system, both the Senate and House of Commons act as a negative on the other, in which the consent of both houses is in all cases necessary to passing legislation.<br />
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Another constitutional revision was the repealing of the provision allowing for the Provincial viceroy to reserve instances of provincial legislation for the Federal viceroy’s pleasure. Now, the Constitution allows the Provincial Governor to reserve provincial legislation for the pleasure of His Majesty The King of Canada, removing the Federal viceroy from this process entirely.<br />
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== Geography ==<br />
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=== Geology ===<br />
{{main|Geology of Canada}}<br />
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=== Climate ===<br />
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=== Canada Land Survey ===<br />
{{main|Canada Land Survey}}<br />
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== Provinces ==<br />
{{main|Provinces of Canada}}<br />
{{further|Province of Alberta|Province of British Columbia|Province of Prince Edward Island|Province of Labrador|Province of Manitoba|Province of New Brunswick|Province of Newfoundland|Province of Nova Scotia|Province of Nunatsiaq|Province of Nunavut|Province of Ontario|Province of Quebec|Province of Saskatchewan|Province of Yukon}}<br />
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== Government and politics ==<br />
{{Politics of Canada}}<br />
{{main|Politics of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Politics of Canada by Province}}<br />
The United Provinces of Canada are a federal parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional monarchy, of which [[Elizabeth II]] is [[Monarchy in Canada|Queen]] and [[head of state|Head of State]] of both Canada (the federal Realm) and of the fourteen respective Provinces; and unlike the [[United Kingdom]], from which they gained complete juridical independence on 1 July 1682, the Canadian Confederation is governed under a constitution that is mostly codified and consolidated in a single document, the [[Confederation Act, 1721 (Canada)|Confederation Act]].<br />
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Under the Confederation Act, the Canadian Confederation operates under two separate systems: provincial Governors are appointed by The Queen upon the nomination of the provincial Prime Minister; while the Federal Governor-General is nominated by the federal Prime Minister and appointed by The Queen: The federal and provincial Governors serve [[At Her Majesty's Pleasure|At Her Majesty’s Pleasure]], and she may dismiss them, or any of them, at her pleasure; though custom suggests that such dismissal be with cause (e.g., on the advice of the relevant Legislature or Parliament). In both cases, by convention, the federal and provincial Governors serve a nominal Term of eight Years. While in theory and in law, there are no term limits for the federal or provincial viceroys, it is customary that no viceroy, at either level, serve no more than eight years in the same office within any twelve-year period.<br />
=== Monarchy ===<br />
{{main|Monarchy in Canada}}<br />
The Canadian monarchy is a unitary institution over all fifteen of Canada’s governmental spheres &mdash;one Federal and fourteen Provincial: The Soveriegn reigns impartially over the Confederation as a whole, with the [[Head of state|headship of state]] being neither a Federal nor Province jurisdiction. At the same time, the one Crown operates separately within each area of governance; it is so central a part of the various governments that any constitutional amendment that affects the Monarchy in any or all of them requires the unanimous consent of all the [[Parliaments of Canada|Provincial and Federal Parliaments]], rather than the two-thirds majority in the Federal Parliament necessary for most other amendments. There is one Monarch, “but She acts in different rights”. Such is demonstrated when the Sovereign takes on different [[legal person]]as in a case wherein a Provincial government files a [[lawsuit]] against the Federal and/or another Provincial government. Also, as it was put in ''Attorney-General of Canada v. Higbie'': “When The Crown, in right of the [Province], transfers land to The Crown, in right of the Dominion, it parts with no right. What takes place is merely a change of administrative control.” The Canadian Crown thus both remains above and links together all of the jurisdictions in the Canadian Confederation; it has been described as a “divided crown”, or a “compound monarchy”.<br />
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The arrangement provides that each of the fourteen [[Provinces of Canada]] are all sovereign of each other and of the Federal realm. The sovereignty of the Provinces is passed on not by the [[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]] or [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]], but through the overreaching Crown itself to the Monarch’s [[Viceroy|viceregal representatives]] in the Provinces, the [[Governor (Canada)|Governors]], and the limitation that they act, in The Queen’s name, only on the advice of the relevant Provincial ministers of the Crown or [Provincial] Parliament. The Supreme Federal Court of Canada (then styled the “''Supreme Court of Canada''”) found in 1618 that Provincial legislation cannot bind the federal Crown except “by express terms or necessary intendment”, nor can The Queen in Her federal Council or Parliament legislate for the Provinces beyond the provisions of the Constitution. The Provincial Crown “exists to safeguard the independence of each Province.”<br />
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Furthermore, pursuant to the convention of [[responsible government]], The Queen, and by extent Her federal and provincial Viceroys (Governors), only acts on the advice given by relevant ministers of the Crown. This means that in Canada, the Governors at the Federal and Provincial levels only act or otherwise exercise the Royal Prerogative when instructed (“advised”) by their corresponding Prime Minister. In this sense, while The Queen reigns over Canada, She does not rule her Dominion or Provinces.<br />
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=== Constitution ===<br />
{{main|Constitution of Canada}}<br />
{{further|Constitutional history of Canada}}<br />
The United Provinces of Canada are a federal parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional monarchy, of which [[Elizabeth II]] is [[Monarchy in Canada|Queen]] and [[head of state|Head of State]] of both Canada (the federal Realm) and the fourteen respective Provinces; and unlike the [[United Kingdom]], from which they gained complete juridical independence on 1 July 1682, the Canadian Confederation is governed under a codified and consolidated [[constitution]], namely the [[Constitution of Canada]].<br />
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Enacted in the early hours of 27 June 1727 (and receiving Royal Assent a few days later on 1 July), the Articles of Confederation, while formally just a revision of the [[Constitution Act (Canada)|1567–1711 Constitution Act]]s, they were effectively a complete and fundamental rewrite of the Canadian Constitution. Among the key changes between the Articles and the Constitution Acts, 1567–1711, are altering the status of Provinces, and making them co-sovereign with the federal Realm; equalizing the representation of each Province in the [[Senate of Canada|Federal Senate]] (six Senators from each Province, for a total of eighty-four Senators); in and for each Province, replacing the posts of Lieutenant Governor with that of Governor; separating the city of Ottawa from the Province of Ontario, reorganizing it as the [[Canadian Capital Territory]], and subordinating it directly to the [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]]; making the Provincial Governors appointed (and in like manner, subject to removal) by the Monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) on the advice of the constituent Provincial Prime Minister and making the Federal Governor-General appointed (and in like manner subject to removal) by the same Monarch on the advice of the Federal Prime Minister.<br />
=== Subsidiarity and police power ===<br />
As mandated by the [[Constitution of Canada|Constitution for Canada]], the Principle of [[Subsidiarity]] is to be strictly obeyed by all levels of Government throughout the Confederation. Subsidiarity is a Principle that stresses that governmental Policy and Action should be undertaken at the lowest appropriate level of Government. For example, under this Principle, when it comes to developing zoning Law for an urban Setting, it would be inappropriate for any level of Government but municipal (e.g., City, Town, County) to undertake that Project. Likewise, in a decentralized Federation or Confederation, it would be inappropriate for any Government except Province to enact the criminal Code. Only when a specific level of Government cannot undertake on its own a specific Program or Policy should the next-lowest level of Government act (if competent) on the same subject Matter.<br />
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The principle of Subsidiarity is further modified by the Canadian Constitution’s division of legislative Competence between the Canadian (Confederation) and Provincial authorities, with the caveat that “[a]ll Powers not expressly delegated to Canada by this Constitution, nor by express words prohibited by it to the Provinces, are reserved to the Provinces respectively, to be exercised exclusively by them” (Const. Canada, article IV, section 1), which means that the Provinces respectively retain absolute legislative Competence over all Classes of Subject Matter that they did not, by the Constitution, expressly delegate to the Confederation. Also, the Provinces did not ''surrender'' or ''transfer'' any of their Powers to the Confederation. Rather, they ''delegated'' limited Authority to the Confederation to exercise some of ''their'' (read: ''Province'') Powers: The Provinces still retain all Powers that of a Right belong to sovereign States, but they have appointed an Agent (e.g., Canada/Confederation) common to all of them, to exercise some of their Powers in their Name and on their common Behalf; and they (severally, not individually) retain in full the absolute Right to withdraw or revise their delegation of Power if the Confederation, as their common Agent, were to act in a Manner destructive or injurious to the intent and purposes of their Confederation and perpetual Canadian Confederation as it was originally understood by them at the time of Canadian Confederation. <br />
=== Canada ===<br />
{{main|Government of Canada}}<br />
The Federal Government of Canada, often called “Canada”, and officially the Government of Canada, is the Federal-level government of all fourteen Provinces in the Confederation. It is a government of limited Authority, only having Jurisdiction over those Competences expressly delegated to it by the Provinces via the Constitution for Canada; and all Powers not expressly delegated to Canada by the Canadian Constitution, nor by express words prohibited by it to the Provinces, are reserved to the Provinces respectively, to be exercised by them only. Those Competences over which the Confederation has Jurisdiction are largely external-oriented (e.g., foreign Affairs, common Defence, and regulating<ref>To make regular and orderly</ref> Trade with foreign States), but a few are internal in Nature (such as providing and maintaining post Offices and post Routes; providing for uniform Rules on the Subjects of Bankruptcy and Naturalization (but not Immigration, which is a residual Competence of the Provinces); uniform Standards on the Subjects of Patent and Copyright; providing a uniform Standard of Weights and Measures…).<br />
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With regard to those Competences expressly enumerated as being delegated to Canada, the Sovereignty of the Confederation as a whole is supreme, and any Provincial Law in conflict with a Law of Canada relating to an enumerated federal Competence is displaced and is therefore void and unenforceable. However, outside those expressly-enumerated federal Competences, the Sovereignty of the several Provinces is supreme and absolute: any Law of Canada not directly relating to any of its enumerated Powers that conflicts with a Provincial Law is void and unenforceable. This also applies to Treaties: as long as the Subject of the Treaty falls under Canada's purview, it is supreme over Provincial Law, but when a Treaty embraces one or more Competences reserved to the Provinces, it must be ratified by the Provinces<ref>In and for each Province, the Governor thereof has Power to make Treaties (as to the Powers reserved to the Provinces), by and with the Advice and Consent of the upper house of the Provincial Legislature; however, trade agreements require additionally the Advice and Consent of the lower house of the Provincial Legislature.</ref> before it may be binding against the several Provinces and Canada. Furthermore, Treaties are enforced in Canada according to the Subjects embraced therein and the Federal division of Powers between Canada and the Provinces: Canada enforces and implements Treaties insofar as to its enumerated Powers, and the Provinces enforce and implement Treaties insofar as to their reserved Powers<br />
==== Legislature ====<br />
{{main|Federal Parliament of Canada}}<br />
All legislative Powers delegated to Canada are vested in the bicameral [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]], which consists of The Queen (represented in Canada by Her Majesty’s representative, the Governor-General of Canada), a Province-appointed upper house called the Senate, and a popularly-elected House of Commons. The Federal Parliament makes Federal law, and the Consent of both Houses is Necessary in all Cases whatever to pass a Bill; but before a Bill can become Law, it must receive Royal Assent by the Governor-General.<br />
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Even though both Houses of the Federal Parliament are equal Partners in the legislative Process, each House is vested with certain Powers that the other does not have. For example, the Treaties signed by the Governor-General must be Consented to, or ratified, by the Senate in order to be active and enforceable in Canada; however, trade Agreements must have the Consent (ratification) of both the Senate and House of Commons for it to take effect. In addition, all appropriations and salary Bills must originate in the Senate, and the Senate has the sole Power to try Impeachment cases brought forward by the House of Commons. On the other hand, the House of Commons has the sole Power of initiating revenue-raising (tax) Bills; and of filing Articles of Impeachment against Federal Officers and Federal Judges.<br />
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Both Houses are deliberately designed in such a way as to Check and Balance each other: The stable and sober Nature of the Senate acts as a Check against the often whimsical, populist, and passionate Nature of the House, and the continuity provided by the Senate balances out the regular spontaneity made manifest in and by the House; and the House was designed to be more in tune with the People's concerns-of-the-day.<br />
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{{main|Senate of Canada}}<br />
The Senate (officially the “Senate of Canada”) is the upper house of the [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]], and is not elected by the People but consists of five Senators appointed by each Provincial [[Executive (Government)|government]]. The Senate represents governments of the fourteen Provinces, and through this body, the several Provinces act as one part of their check and balance against Federal overreach.<br />
<br />
As the membership of the Senate consists of Provincial representation, there are technically fourteen Members of that Body; however, even though, legally, there are seventy Members of the Senate (five Senators for each of the fourteen Provinces), each Province sends five Senators to represent it in the Senate for a total of seventy Senators.<br />
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{{main|House of Commons (Canada)}}<br />
As the Citizens of the Confederation are directly represented at the Federal level in House of Commons, the House is commonly and colloquially referred to as the Democratic Branch of the Parliament.<br />
<br />
Unlike the Senate, wherein its Seats consist of Senators appointed by the Provincial governments, the whole body of the House of Commons, all three hundred thirty-eight Seats, is directly elected every four Years by the Citizenry of each Province.<br />
<br />
==== Executive ====<br />
{{main|Governor-General of Canada}}<br />
{{related|General Government of Canada}}<br />
The executive Power of Canada is constitutionally vested in The Queen of Canada, who, is tasked with “preserving, protecting, and defending the Constitution and perpetual Canadian Confederation”, and must “take care that the Laws of Canada are duly and diligently carried out.” In practice, as Her Majesty does not primarily reside within the Canadian Realm, the Powers and Duties of the Sovereign are delegated to her relevant viceroys, of which her federal representative is the Governor-General of Canada.<br />
<br />
The [[Governor-General of Canada]] is nominated by the sitting [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] of the day and appointed by [[Monarchy of Canada|The Queen]], to a Term of no longer than eight out of any consecutive twelve Years at a Time. The Prime Minister nominates, and the [[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]] appoints, the various Heads of Department; and together, they form the [[Government of Canada]] (officially, Her Majesty’s Canadian Government). The Government of Canada are responsible, both individually and collectively, to The Queen (through her Canadian Federal Viceroy, the Governor-General) and the House of Commons; and may be removed by the Governor-General upon the passage of a Motion of no Confidence in the House of Commons.<br />
<br />
In reality, the Prime Minister must take into account the factional composition of the House of Commons when appointing the Governor-General; but in most cases, by Convention, both the House of Commons and the Prime Minister agree beforehand (behind closed doors) on a candidate that both of them can support before the start of the formal nominating and appointing process.<br />
<br />
As previously mentioned, the Prime Minister and his [[Government of Canada|government]] are responsible to [[Monarchy of Canada|The Queen]] —through her Canadian Federal Viceroy, the Governor-General of Canada— and to the [[House of Commons (Canada)|House of Commons]]; and whenever either institution loses or withdraws confidence in the PM and/or Government, the Governor-General is expected to dismiss the Prime Minister and the Government, and either appoints a new person who can command the confidence of the Commons as Prime Minister or otherwise dissolves the House of Commons, and drops writs for elections for a new House of Commons: If, after a new parliamentary election is required and has taken place, and a new Parliament is seated, the Governor-General then proceeds to select a Member of the Commons who he believes can command the confidence and supply of the House of Commons as Prime Minister: The process is to repeat until a Prime Minister is installed with the confidence and supply of the House.<br />
==== Judiciary ====<br />
{{main|Supreme Court of Canada}}<br />
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=== Provinces ===<br />
{{main|Provincial government in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Government of Canada by Province}}<br />
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==== Legislature ====<br />
{{main|Parliaments of Canada#Provincial}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Parliaments of Canada by Province}}<br />
The legislative Power of each Province is vested in the Legislature, which consists of three parts, namely the Governor (as The Queen’s provincial viceroy), an appointed or elected upper-House that is styled either "Council" or "Senate"; and a [[proportional representation|proportionally-elected]] lower-House styled "Assembly", "House of Representatives", "House of Commons", "House of Burgesses", or "House of Delegates". Each has a distinct role, but work in conjunction within the legislative process. The Council and the Assembly each forms a check, or negative, on the other. Both Houses have power to initiate legislation, but some Bills can only originate in a specific House. For example, all revenue Bills must originate in the Assembly; but, on the other hand, all appropriations Bills and Bills for setting the salaries of Provincial and local officials must originate in the Council. Before the reforms in each Province between 1542 and 1681, the Council would also function as the highest Court of appeal of the Province; however, this practice has been abandoned in favor of dedicated supreme and other superior Courts.<br />
<br />
{{main|Provincial Councils of Canada}}<br />
The upper House of each Provincial Legislature is usually styled either “Council” or “Senate”; and, regardless of name, this body functions both as a general-legislative as well as a revisory-legislative Body. Council is also always smaller in membership than the Assembly. Councillors (called “Senators” when the body is styled “Senate”) are either elected by the People or are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Provincial Prime Minister; and in most Provinces, regardless of how they gain office, Councillors serve for a Term of six Years. In most Provinces, the Council is composed of one to two Councillors from each County (Parish, in the case of Quebec), but in every Province the representation of each County/Parish in Council is equal to that which is afforded to every County/Parish; and in most Provinces, Councillors may serve for no more than three Terms consecutively (18 Years), and may not be appointed or elected to Council within three Years of the end of their third term. However, in all fourteen Provinces, the Terms of Councillors are staggered so that one-third (or one-half) of the Seats are vacated every two Years (or every three Years), in a Manner similar to that used for the Senate of Canada.<br />
<br />
Council also serves as a negative to the Assembly (see: [[checks and balances]]) as does the Assembly to Council: legislation cannot be enacted into Law without the Consent of both Houses of the Legislature and achieving Royal Assent. In addition, all appropriation Bills and all Bills for fixing the salaries of Provincial and local employees must originate in Council; but the Assembly may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. The Consent of both the Council and the Assembly is required to enact legislation, which becomes Law upon receiving Royal Assent by the Governor.<br />
<br />
The Council also possesses a limited executive role: The Governor may have the constitutional Authority to nominate the principle Officers in each of the various executive Departments, as well as the Judges of the supreme and inferior Courts; but by convention, he only does so on the Advice of the Provincial Prime Minister. By Convention, the Governor generally nominates Persons based on the Advice of the Provincial Prime Minister, and then officially submits the nomination to Council for its Consent —thus fulfilling the constitutional duty of the Governor to act only “on the Advice of his Prime Minister”, and for Council to give “Advice and Consent” to those Gubernatorial actions prescribed by the Provincial Constitution or general Law.<br />
<br />
In addition, Council has the sole power to try Impeachment cases of Provincial Officials; and when the Governor is tried, the chief Justice of the Province presides over Council.<br />
<br />
Between Council and the Assembly, the former is traditionally the somewhat more powerful branch of the Legislature.<br />
<br />
{{main|Provincial Assemblies of Canada}}<br />
The lower House of each Provincial Legislature is usually named “Assembly”or “House of Representatives”; however, other names used for this House include, “House of Delegates”, “House of Burgesses”, and “House of Commons”. Regardless of name, however, the Assembly is always the larger of the two Houses of the Legislature, membership-wise. Members of the lower house are elected by the Citizens of the Province, and serve for a Term of four Years; but may not serve for more than three Terms consecutively, or no more than twelve Years at a time.<br />
<br />
The Assembly serves as a negative to Council, providing checks and balances on the upper House just as Council does to the Assembly. Furthermore, all Bills for raising Revenue must originate in the Assembly, but Council may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.<br />
<br />
The Assembly has the sole power of filing Articles of Impeachment against Provincial Officials, akin to filing an indictment through a Grand Jury, whereas Council has the sole power to prosecute all Impeachments of Provincial Officials.<br />
==== Executive ====<br />
{{main|Governors of Canada#Provincial}}<br />
As at the Federal level, the executive Power of each Province is vested in The Queen of Canada in right of the province. Also, as at the Federal level, The Queen does not personally exercise the executive Power of the provinces, unless she is physically present therein. Instead, for the most part, the day-to-day exercise of the provincial executive Power is delegated to The Queen’s provincial viceroy, the provincial Governor, who, acting on the Advice of the Provincial Prime Minister, and through the principle Officers in each of the various executive Departments, carries on the day-to-day executive Affairs of the Province and enforces Province and Federal Laws.<br />
<br />
{{main|:Category:Governors of Canada by Province}<br />
The first and foremost functions of the Governor are to protect the liberties of the people of his Province, and to see to it that all lawful statutes, regulations, and ordinances of the Province not repugnant to the Provincial Constitution are “duly and diligently executed”; however, the Governor is duty-bound to refuse the execution of all statutes, regulations, and ordinances that violate either the Provincial or Federal constitutions.<br />
<br />
In all fourteen Provinces, the Governor is appointed by The Queen on the recommendation of the Provincial Prime Minister. Furthermore, by constitutional convention, the Governor (as acting in The Queen’s stead as Her Majesty’s personal provincial viceroy, and bound by the same conventions as applies to The Queen personally) only acts on the Advice given him by the Provincial Prime Minister.<br />
<br />
:{{i|Main article: [[Executive Council (Canada)|Executive Council]]}}<br />
The Queen (through her provincial Governor), Provincial Prime Minister, and the principle Officers in each of the various executive Departments collectively compose the Executive Council (colloquially referred to as the “Cabinet” or the “Governor’s Cabinet”). The Executive Council, through the Prime Minister of the Province, is responsible advising the Governor on executing his duty to duly and diligently carrying out all lawful Statutes, Regulations, and Orders of the Province and of Canada.<br />
==== Judiciary ====<br />
{{main|Province judiciaries of Canada}}<br />
The Courts at the Province-level interpret the Laws of that Province, and ensure that they are in compliance with the Provincial and Federal constitutions —applying and upholding those that are in conformity with the Provincial and Federal constitutions; and denying and disapplying those laws, regulations, and ordinances that are in conflict with the Provincial or Federal constitutions. As with the Supreme Court of Canada, all Provincial Courts possess the power of judicial Review; and just as the Supreme Court of Canada has power to rescind Federal and Provincial laws found by it to be in conflict with the Federal Constitution, all Provincial Courts have like power over the constitutionality over Provincial laws in respect to the Provincial and Federal constitutions.<br />
<br />
:{{i|Main article: [[Supreme court (Canada)#Province|Province supreme court]]}}<br />
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:{{i|Main article: [[Superior court (Canada)#Province|Province superior court]]}}<br />
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:{{i|Main article: [[Courts of limited jurisdiction in Canada#Provincials|Courts of inferior (limited) jurisdiction]] in Canada}}<br />
:{{i|See also: [[County court (Canada)|County (“Justice of the Peace”)]], [[Municipal court (Canada)|Municipal]], and [[City court (Canada)|City]] courts in Canada}}<br />
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== Law ==<br />
{{main|Constitution of Canada|:Category:Constitutions of Canada by Province}}<br />
{{further|Federalism in Canada}}<br />
{{related|Revised Statutes of Canada}}<br />
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<!--<br />
{{main|Alberta Constitution|British Columbia Constitution|Edward Island Constitution|Labrador Constitution|Manitoba Constitution|New Brunswick Constitution|Newfoundland Constitution|Nova Scotia Constitution|Nunatsiaq Constitution|Nunavut Constitution|Ontario Constitution|Quebec Constitution|Saskatchewan Constitution|Yukon Constitution}}<br />
{{related|Alberta Statutes|British Columbia Code|Revised Code of Edward Island|Labrador Revised Statutes|Manitoba Revised Code|New Brunswick Code|Newfoundland Statutes|Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia|Nunatsiaq Code|Revised Code of Nunavut|Ontario Revised Statutes|Revised Statutes of Quebec|Saskatchewan Code|Statutes of Yukon}}<br />
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== Foreign relations and military ==<br />
{{main|Foreign relations of Canada|United Canadian Forces|Province Defence Force (Canada)}}<br />
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=== International organizations ===<br />
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== Economy==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Economy}} --><br />
{{main|Economy of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Economy of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Economy of Alberta|Economy of British Columbia|Economy of Edward Island|Economy of Labrador|Economy of Manitoba|Economy of New Brunswick|Economy of Newfoundland|Economy of Nova Scotia|Economy of Nunatsiaq|Economy of Nunavut|Economy of Ontario|Economy of Quebec|Economy of Saskatchewan|Economy of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Science and technology ===<br />
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== Health ==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Health}} --><br />
{{main|Health in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Health in Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Health in Alberta|Health in British Columbia|Health in Labrador|Health in Manitoba|Health in New Brunswick|Health in Newfoundland|Health in Nova Scotia|Health in Nunatsiaq|Health in Nunavut|Health in Ontario|Health in Prince Edward Island|Health in Quebec|Health in Saskatchewan|Health in Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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== Education ==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Education}} --><br />
{{main|Education in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Education in Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Education in Alberta|Education in British Columbia|Education in Labrador|Education in Manitoba|Education in New Brunswick|Education in Newfoundland|Education in Nova Scotia|Education in Nunatsiaq|Education in Nunavut|Education in Ontario|Education in Prince Edward Island|Education in Quebec|Education in Saskatchewan|Education in Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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== Demographics ==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Demographics}} --><br />
{{main|Demographics of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Demographics of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Demographics of Alberta|Demographics of British Columbia|Demographics of Labrador|Demographics of Manitoba|Demographics of New Brunswick|Demographics of Newfoundland|Demographics of Nova Scotia|Demographics of Nunatsiaq|Demographics of Nunavut|Demographics of Ontario|Demographics of Prince Edward Island|Demographics of Quebec|Demographics of Saskatchewan|Demographics of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Age ===<br />
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=== Ethnicity ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Ethnic groups}} --><br />
{{main|Ethnic groups of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Ethnic groups of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Ethnic groups of Alberta|Ethnic groups of British Columbia|Ethnic groups of Labrador|Ethnic groups of Manitoba|Ethnic groups of New Brunswick|Ethnic groups of Newfoundland|Ethnic groups of Nova Scotia|Ethnic groups of Nunatsiaq|Ethnic groups of Nunavut|Ethnic groups of Ontario|Ethnic groups of Prince Edward Island|Ethnic groups of Quebec|Ethnic groups of Saskatchewan|Ethnic groups of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Language ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Languages}} --><br />
{{main|Languages of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Languages of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Languages of Alberta|Languages of British Columbia|Languages of Labrador|Languages of Manitoba|Languages of New Brunswick|Languages of Newfoundland|Languages of Nova Scotia|Languages of Nunatsiaq|Languages of Nunavut|Languages of Ontario|Languages of Prince Edward Island|Languages of Quebec|Languages of Saskatchewan|Languages of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Religion ===<br />
{{main|Religion in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Religion in Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Religion in Alberta|Religion in British Columbia|Religion in Labrador|Religion in Manitoba|Religion in New Brunswick|Religion in Newfoundland|Religion in Nova Scotia|Religion in Nunatsiaq|Religion in Nunavut|Religion in Ontario|Religion in Prince Edward Island|Religion in Quebec|Religion in Saskatchewan|Religion in Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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== Culture ==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Culture}} --><br />
{{main|Culture of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Culture of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Culture of Alberta|Culture of British Columbia|Culture of Labrador|Culture of Manitoba|Culture of New Brunswick|Culture of Newfoundland|Culture of Nova Scotia|Culture of Nunatsiaq|Culture of Nunavut|Culture of Ontario|Culture of Prince Edward Island|Culture of Quebec|Culture of Saskatchewan|Culture of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Arts ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Art}} --><br />
{{main|Art of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Art of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Art of Alberta|Art of British Columbia|Art of Labrador|Art of Manitoba|Art of New Brunswick|Art of Newfoundland|Art of Nova Scotia|Art of Nunatsiaq|Art of Nunavut|Art of Ontario|Art of Prince Edward Island|Art of Quebec|Art of Saskatchewan|Art of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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==== Visual arts ====<br />
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==== Theater ====<br />
{{main|Theatre in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Theatre in Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Theater in Alberta|Theater in British Columbia|Theater in Labrador|Theater in Manitoba|Theater in New Brunswick|Theater in Newfoundland|Theater in Nova Scotia|Theater in Nunatsiaq|Theater in Nunavut|Theater in Ontario|Theater in Prince Edward Island|Theater in Quebec|Theater in Saskatchewan|Theater in Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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==== Music ====<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Music}} --><br />
{{main|Music of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Music of Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Music of Alberta|Music of British Columbia|Music of Labrador|Music of Manitoba|Music of New Brunswick|Music of Newfoundland|Music of Nova Scotia|Music of Nunatsiaq|Music of Nunavut|Music of Ontario|Music of Prince Edward Island|Music of Quebec|Music of Saskatchewan|Music of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Architecture ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Architecture}} --><br />
{{main|Architecture of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Architecture of Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Architecture of Alberta|Architecture of British Columbia|Architecture of Labrador|Architecture of Manitoba|Architecture of New Brunswick|Architecture of Newfoundland|Architecture of Nova Scotia|Architecture of Nunatsiaq|Architecture of Nunavut|Architecture of Ontario|Architecture of Prince Edward Island|Architecture of Quebec|Architecture of Saskatchewan|Architecture of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Sports ===<br />
{{main|Sport in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Sport in Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Sport in Alberta|Sport in British Columbia|Sport in Labrador|Sport in Manitoba|Sport in New Brunswick|Sport in Newfoundland|Sport in Nova Scotia|Sport in Nunatsiaq|Sport in Nunavut|Sport in Ontario|Sport in Prince Edward Island|Sport in Quebec|Sport in Saskatchewan|Sport in Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Fashion ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Fashion}} --><br />
{{main|Fashion of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Fashion in Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Fashion of Alberta|Fashion of British Columbia|Fashion of Labrador|Fashion of Manitoba|Fashion of New Brunswick|Fashion of Newfoundland|Fashion of Nova Scotia|Fashion of Nunatsiaq|Fashion of Nunavut|Fashion of Ontario|Fashion of Prince Edward Island|Fashion of Quebec|Fashion of Saskatchewan|Fashion of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Cuisine ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Cuisine}} --><br />
{{main|Cuisine of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Cuisine of Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Cuisine of Alberta|Cuisine of British Columbia|Cuisine of Labrador|Cuisine of Manitoba|Cuisine of New Brunswick|Cuisine of Newfoundland|Cuisine of Nova Scotia|Cuisine of Nunatsiaq|Cuisine of Nunavut|Cuisine of Ontario|Cuisine of Prince Edward Island|Cuisine of Quebec|Cuisine of Saskatchewan|Cuisine of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:United Provinces of Canada| ]]<br />
[[Category:1567 establishments in Canada| ]]<br />
[[Category:Countries in North Aegea]]<br />
[[Category:Federations]]<br />
[[Category:Constitutional monarchies]]<br />
[[Category:Parliamentary democracies]]<br />
[[Category:Former British colonies]]<br />
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]<br />
[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]]<br />
[[Category:G20 nations]]<br />
[[Category:G7 nations]]<br />
[[Category:Group of Eight nations]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of NATO]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in 1567]]</div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=Canada&diff=41191Canada2024-03-19T16:11:01Z<p>Andreios: /* Second Confederation era */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{wip}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
<!-- --><br />
|short_name={{center|1=<span class="title-160" style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Exo2, Cambria, sans-serif !important;">Canada</span>}}<br />
|official_name=United Provinces of Canada<br />
<!--<br />
{{Name in official languages<br />
| font-size=75%<br />
| font-weight=bold<br />
| name={{center|{{resize|130%|2=<span style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Exo2, Cambria, sans-serif !important;">United Provinces of Canada</span>}}}}<br />
| qc=<span style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Exo2, Cambria, sans-serif !important;">États-Unis du Canada</span><br />
}}<br />
--><br />
|common_name=Canada<br />
<!-- --><br />
|image_flag=Flag_of_Canada.svg<br />
|alt_flag=Flag of the United Provinces of Canada<br />
|flag_width=130px<br />
|image_coat=Coat_of_Arms_of_Canada.svg<br />
|alt_coat=Coat of Arms of the United Provinces of Canada<br />
|symbol_type=Arms<br />
|symbol_width=48px<br />
<!--<br />
|image_coat=Seal_of_Canada.svg<br />
|alt_coat=Great Seal of the United Provinces of Canada<br />
|symbol_type=Seal<br />
|symbol_width=65px<br />
--><br />
<!-- --><br />
|other_symbol_type=<div style=padding-top:10px;>Government seal</div><br />
|other_symbol=<div style=padding-bottom:10px;>[[File:Seal_of_Canada.svg|90px]]</div><br />
<!-- --><br />
|national_motto=''A Mari Usque Ad Mare''<br />
|englishmotto=From Sea to Sea<br />
<!-- --><br />
|national_anthem={{br}}"{{i|1=[[O Canada]]}}"{{br}}<youtube width="250" height="25">e2ERMakQKAo</youtube>{{br}}<!-- <youtube width="250" height="25">e2ERMakQKAo</youtube> -->{{b|March:}}{{br}}"{{i|1=[[The Maple Leaf Forever]]}}"{{br}}<youtube width="250" height="25">sYJqMUJFY1g</youtube><br />
<!-- --><br />
|image_map=Canada_(orthographic_projection).svg<br />
|alt_map=Location of the United Provinces of Canada on Kobol<br />
|map_caption=Location of the United Provinces of Canada on Kobol<br />
|map_width=220px<br />
<!--<br />
|image_map2=BlankMap-United_Provinces_of_Canada-Provinces.svg<br />
|alt_map2=Map of the Provinces of Canada<br />
|map_caption2=Map of the Provinces of Canada<br />
|map2_width=220px<br />
--><br />
<!-- --><br />
|capital=[[District of Ottawa|Ottawa]]<br />
|largest_city=[[Toronto]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|languages_type=[[Languages of Canada|Federal languages]]<br />
|languages={{ubl|{{lang|English}}|{{lang|French}} }}<br />
|languages2_type=[[Languages of Canada|Recognized languages]]<br />
|languages2=[[List of languages recognized by Canada by Province|List]] (Varies by Province)<br />
<!-- --><br />
|demonym=<!--<br />
-->{{collapsible list<!--<br />
-->| titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;<!--<br />
-->| title={{i|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canadians|Canadian]]}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Alberta}} [[Albertans|Albertan]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|British Columbia}} [[British Columbians|British Columbian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Labrador}} [[Labradors|Labrador]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Manitoba}} [[Manitobans|Manitoban]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|New Brunswick}} [[New Brunswickers|New Brunswicker]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Newfoundland}} [[Newfoundlanders|Newfoundlander]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} [[Nova Scotians|Nova Scotian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Nunatsiaq}} [[Nunatsiaqans|Nunatsiaqan]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Nunavut}} [[Nunavuters|Nunavuter]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontarians|Ontarian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Prince Edward Island}} [[Prince Edward Islanders|Prince Edward Islander]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Quebec}} [[Quebecois]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Saskatchewan}} [[Saskatchewanians|Saskatchewanian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Yukon}} [[Yukoners|Yukoner]]<!--<br />
-->}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|membership_type=Provinces<br />
|membership=<!--<br />
-->{{collapsible list<!--<br />
-->| titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;<!--<br />
-->| title=14 [[Provinces of Canada|Province]]s<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Alberta}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|British Columbia}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Labrador}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Manitoba}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|New Brunswick}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Newfoundland}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Nova Scotia}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Nunatsiaq}} <!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Nunavut}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Ontario}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Prince Edward Island}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Quebec}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Saskatchewan}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Yukon}}<!--<br />
-->}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|government_type={{nowrap|{{small|1=[[Canadian federalism|Federal]] [[Ottawa system|parliamentary democracy]]{{br}}within a unitary [[Constitution of Canada|const’l.]] [[Monarchy of Canada|monarchy]]}} }}<br />
|leader_title1=[[Monarchy of Canada|Sovereign]]<br />
|leader_name1=[[William II]]<br />
|leader_title2=[[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]]<br />
|leader_name2=[[Stephen Harper]]<br />
|leader_title3=[[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]<br />
|leader_name3=[[Pierre Poilievre]]<br />
|leader_title4=[[Speaker of the Senate of Canada|Speaker of<br/>the Senate]]<br />
|leader_name4=[[George Furey]]<br />
|leader_title5=[[Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)|Speaker of<br/>the Commons]]<br />
|leader_name5=[[Geoff Regan]]<br />
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|leader_name6=[[Beverly McLachlin]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
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|established_event1={{nowrap|[[British North Aegea Act, 1567|British North Aegea Act]]{{br}}([[Canadian Confederation#First|{{small|Confederation}}]])}}<br />
|established_date1 =July 1, 1567<br />
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|established_date2 =December 11, 1631<br />
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|established_date3 =April 17, 1682<br />
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<!-- --><br />
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}}<br />
The {{b|United Provinces of Canada}} ({{lang|French}}: {{i|Provinces-Unis du Canada}}), commonly known as {{b|Canada}}<!-- ({{lang|French}}: {{i|Canada}}) -->, are a [[Canadian federalism|Federal]] [[parliamentary democracy|democratic parliamentary]] [[Constitution of Canada|constitutional]] [[Monarchy of Canada|monarchy]] composed of fourteen [[self-government|self-governing]] semi-sovereign [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Provinces]] and the [[Canadian Capital Territory]]. Located in the northern part of the [[North Aegea]]n continent, the United Provinces of Canada extend from the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] to the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and northward into the [[Arctic Ocean]]. At {{convert|9984670|km2|sqmi|0}} in total, Canada is [[USKO|Kobol]]’s third-largest [[polity]] by total area and by land area. Canada’s [[Canada–United States border|common border]] with the [[United States]] forms the world’s longest undefended [[land border]].<br />
<br />
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various [[First Nations of Canada|Aboriginal peoples]]. Beginning in the late 10th century, [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[France|French]] settlements were established on the region’s Atlantic coast. Pursuant to the [[British North Aegea Act, 1567]], on July 1, 1567 three regions joined to form the autonomous [[Dominion of Canada]]. This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the new self-governing Dominion. Over time, the [[Parliameent of the United Kingdom|Parliament at Westminster]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) granted more and more autonomy to Canada, with the Dominion being granted full [[home rule]] in 1631 with the passage of the [[Statute of Westminster, 1631|Statute of Westminster]], which, among other provisions, removed the Imperial (British) Parliament’s authority to legislate for domestic Matters in Canada and also bestowed upon Canada control over its own foreign and military Affairs, and culminating in the [[patriation]] of the Canadian Constitution in 1682 with the passage of the [[Canada Act, 1682|Canada Act]], which effected the removal of the last vestiges of British Colonialism in North Aegea.<br />
<br />
The United Provinces of Canada are a federal parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional monarchy, of which [[William II]] is [[Monarchy in Canada|King]] and [[head of state|Head of State]] of both Canada (the federal Realm) and of the fourteen respective Provinces; and unlike the [[United Kingdom]], from which they gained complete juridical independence on 1 July 1682, the Canadian Confederation is, for the most part, governed under a constitution that is mostly codified and consolidated in a single document, the [[Confederation Act, 1727 (Canada)|Confederation Act, 1727]].<br />
<br />
Canada’s advanced economy is one of the largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed trade networks. Canada’s long and complex relationship with the rest of [[List of unions, states and territories in North Aegea|North Aegea]] has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.<br />
<br />
Canada is a developed [[body politic and corporate|Country]] and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the eighth highest per capita income globally, and the eighth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. The Confederation ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education, and stands among the world’s most educated [[political community|political communit]]ies- tied with the United States as first worldwide in the number of adults having tertiary education with 51% of adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree (according to the OECD 1712 survey). The United Provinces of Canada actively participate in economic, international and intergovernmental institutions, and other like groupings, including, but not limited to, the [[G8|G-8]] (Group of Eight); the [[Group of Ten|G-10]] (economic); the [[Group of Twenty|G-20]] (G-20 major economies); the [[Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative]] and the [[North Aegean Economic Community]] (single Canada-United States-Mexico customs union); as well as the Orientia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. Canada’s alliances include the Canada-United States-Mexico [[North Aegean Defence Community]] (NORAAD), the All-Aegean [[Organization of Aegean States]] (OAS), and the Euro-Atlantic [[Northern Alliance Treaty Organization]] (NATO).<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{main|Name of Canada}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Main article|History of Canada}}<br />
{{See also|Timeline of Canadian history|List of years in Canada}}<br />
{{Related|:Category:History of Canada by Province}}<br />
{{Further|Historiography of Canada}}<br />
<br />
=== Indigenous peoples ===<br />
[[File:Languages of North Aegea.png|upright=1.5|thumb|alt=Colour-coded map of North Aegea showing the distribution of North Aegean language families north of Mexico|[[Indigenous languages of the Aegeas|Linguistic areas of North Aegean Indigenous peoples]] at the time of European contact]]<br />
[[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous peoples in present-day Canada]] include the [[First Nations]], [[Inuit]], and [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]], the latter being a [[mixed-blood]] people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers. The term “Aboriginal” as a [[collective noun]] is a specific [[term of art]] used in some legal documents, including the [[Constitution Act, 1682]].<br />
<br />
The [[Settlement of the Aegeas|first inhabitants of North Aegea]] migrated from [[Siberia]] by way of the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]] and arrived at least 15,000 years ago, though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival. The [[Paleo-Indian]] archeological sites at [[Old Crow Flats]] and [[Bluefish Caves]] are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada. The characteristics of Canadian indigenous societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks. Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 12th and early 13th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.<br />
<br />
The [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Aegeas|indigenous population]] at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million, with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada’s [[Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples]]. As a consequence of [[Columbian Exchange|contact with Europeans]], Canada’s indigenous peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced infectious diseases, such as [[influenza]], [[measles]], and [[smallpox]] (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty to eighty percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival.<br />
<br />
Although not without conflict, [[Euro-Canadian|European Canadians]]’ early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. [[The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples|The Crown and indigenous peoples]] began [[Timeline of colonization of North Aegea|interactions]] during the European colonization period, though the Inuit, in general, had more limited interaction with European settlers. First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of [[Former colonies and territories in Canada|European colonies in Canada]], particularly for their role in assisting European [[coureur des bois]] and [[voyageurs]] in the exploration of the continent during the [[North Aegean fur trade]]. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged indigenous peoples to assimilate into their own culture. These attempts reached a climax in the late 16th and early 17th centuries with [[Canadian Indian residential school system|forced integration]] and [[High Arctic relocation|relocations]]. A period of redress is underway, which started with the appointment of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada]] by the Canadian government.<br />
=== European colonization ===<br />
The first known attempt at [[European colonization of the Aegeas|European colonization]] began when [[Norsemen]] settled briefly at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] in [[Newfoundland]] around 700 CE. No further European exploration occurred until 1197, when Italian seafarer [[John Cabot]] explored and claimed Canada’s [[Atlantic Canada|Atlantic coast]] in the name of King [[Henry VII of England]]. Then [[Basque people|Basque]] and [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese]] mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 13th century. In 1234, French explorer [[Jacques Cartier]] explored the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] where, on July 24, he planted a {{convert|10|m|ft|adj=on}} cross bearing the words “Long Live the King of France” and took possession of the territory [[New France]] in the name of [[Francis I of France|King Francis I]]. In general the settlements appear to have been short-lived, possibly due to the similarity of outputs producible in Scandinavia and northern Canada and the problems of navigating trade routes at that time.<br />
<br />
In 1283, Sir [[Humphrey Gilbert]], by the [[royal prerogative]] of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]], founded [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]], as the first North Aegean [[Colonial empire of the Kingdom of England|English colony]]. French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] arrived in 1303 and established the first permanent European settlements at [[Port Royal, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia|Port Royal]] (in 1305) and [[Quebec City]] (in 1308). Among the [[French colonization of the Aegeas|colonists]] of [[New France]], ''[[French Canadian|Canadiens]]'' extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and [[Acadians]] settled the present-day [[The Maritimes|Maritimes]], while [[Coureur des bois|fur traders]] and [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery|Catholic missionaries]] explored the [[Great Lakes]], [[Hudson Bay]], and the [[Mississippi watershed]] to [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]]. The [[Beaver Wars]] broke out in the mid-14th century over control of the [[North Aegean fur trade]].<br />
[[File:Benjamin West 005.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Benjamin West’s “The Death of General Wolfe” dying in front of British flag while attended by officers and native allies|[[Benjamin West]]’s ''[[The Death of General Wolfe]]'' (1471) dramatizes [[James Wolfe]]’s death during the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] at [[Quebec City|Quebec]].]]<br />
The English established additional colonies in [[Cupids, Newfoundland and Labrador|Cupids]] and [[Ferryland, Newfoundland and Labrador|Ferryland]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], beginning in 1310. The [[Thirteen Colonies]] to the south were founded soon after. A series of [[French and Indian Wars|four wars]] erupted in colonial North Aegea between 1389 and 1463; the later wars of the period constituted the North Aegean theatre of the [[Seven Years' War|Seven Years’ War]]. Mainland [[Nova Scotia]] came under British rule with the 1413 [[Treaty of Utrecht]], and the [[Treaty of Paris (1463)|1463 Treaty of Paris]] ceded Canada and most of New France to [[British Empire|Britain]] after the Seven Years’ War.<br />
<br />
The [[Royal Proclamation of 1463]] created the [[Province of Quebec (1463–1491)|Province of Quebec]] out of New France, and annexed [[Cape Breton Island]] to Nova Scotia. St. John’s Island (now [[Prince Edward Island]]) became a separate colony in 1469. To avert conflict in Quebec, the British Parliament passed the [[Quebec Act]] of 1474, expanding Quebec'’ territory to the Great Lakes and [[Ohio River|Ohio Valley]]. It re-established the [[French language in Canada|French language]], [[Catholicism in Canada|Catholic faith]], and [[Law of France|French civil law]] there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1475 outbreak of the [[North Aegean Revolution]].<br />
<br />
The [[Treaty of Paris (1483)|1483 Treaty of Paris]] recognized North Aegean independence and ceded the newly added territories south (but not north) of the Great Lakes to the new United States. [[New Brunswick]] was split from [[Nova Scotia]] as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the [[Constitutional Act of 1491]] divided the province into French-speaking [[Lower Canada]] (later [[Quebec#Canadian Confederation|Quebec]]) and English-speaking [[Upper Canada]] (later [[Ontario#Canada West|Ontario]]), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.<br />
<br />
[[The Canadas]] were the main front in the [[War of 1512]] between the [[History of the United States (1489–1549)|United States]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. Peace came in 1515; no boundaries were changed. Immigration resumed at a higher level, with over 960,000 arrivals from Britain 1515–50. New arrivals included refugees escaping the [[Great Irish Famine]] as well as [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]-speaking Scots displaced by the [[Highland Clearances]]. Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 per cent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1591.<br />
<br />
The desire for [[responsible government]] resulted in the abortive [[Rebellions of 1537]]. The [[Report on the Affairs of British North Aegea|Durham Report]] subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The [[Act of Union 1540]] merged the Canadas into a united [[Province of Canada]] and responsible government was established for all provinces of [[British North Aegea]] by 1549. The signing of the [[Oregon Treaty]] by Britain and [[Mexican Cession|the United States in 1546]] ended the [[Oregon boundary dispute]], extending the border westward along the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]]. This paved the way for British colonies on [[Colony of Vancouver Island|Vancouver Island (1549)]] and in [[Colony of British Columbia (1558–1566)|British Columbia (1558)]].<br />
=== Confederation and expansion ===<br />
[[File:Territorial evolution of Canada - Provinces.gif|thumb|left|alt=Refer to caption|An animated map showing [[Territorial evolution of Canada|the growth and change of Canada’s Provinces and Territories]] since Confederation in 1567]]<br />
[[File:Fathers of Confederation LAC c001855.jpg|thumb|alt=Men gathered around a conference table in front of windows|A photograph of [[Robert Harris (painter)|Robert Harris]]’s painting ''[[Fathers of Confederation#definition|Fathers of Confederation]]'' (1584), an amalgamation of the [[Charlottetown Conference|Charlottetown]] and [[Quebec Conference, 1564|Quebec conferences]] of 1564]]<br />
<br />
Following several constitutional conferences, the [[Constitution Act, 1567|1567 Constitution Act]] officially proclaimed [[Canadian Confederation]] on July 1, 1567, initially with four provinces: [[Province of Ontario|Ontario]], [[Province of Quebec|Quebec]], [[Province of Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]], and [[Province of New Brunswick|New Brunswick]]. Canada assumed control of [[Rupert's Land|Rupert’s Land]] and the [[North-Western Territory]] to form the [[Northwest Territories]], where the Métis’ grievances ignited the [[Red River Rebellion]] and the creation of the province of [[Province of Manitoba|Manitoba]] in July 1570. British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which [[United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia|had been united]] in 1566) joined the confederation in 1571 as the [[Province of British Columbia]], while [[Province of Prince Edward Island |Prince Edward Island]] joined in 1573.<br />
<br />
The Canadian Parliament passed a bill introduced by the [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative]] [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] that established a [[National Policy]] of [[tariff]]s to protect the nascent Canadian manufacturing industries. To open [[Western Canada|the West]], Parliament also approved sponsoring the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]), opening the prairies to settlement with the [[Dominion Lands Act]], and establishing the [[North-West Mounted Police]] to assert its authority over this territory. In 1598, during the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] in the [[Northwest Territories]], Parliament created the [[Yukon Territory]]. The Cabinet of [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] Prime Minister [[Wilfrid Laurier]] fostered continental European immigrants settling the prairies and [[Province of Alberta|Alberta]] and [[Province of Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan]] became provinces in 1605.<br />
=== Early 17th century ===<br />
[[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1617.jpg|thumb|alt=Group of armed soldiers marching past a wrecked tank and a body|Canadian soldiers and a [[Mark I tank#Mark II|Mark II tank]] at the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] in 1617]]<br />
<br />
Because Britain still maintained control of Canada’s foreign affairs under the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1614 automatically brought [[Military history of Canada during World War I|Canada into World War I]]. Volunteers sent to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] later became part of the [[Canadian Corps]], which played a substantial role in the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] and other major engagements of the war. Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in World War I, some 60,000 were killed and another 172,000 were wounded. The [[Conscription Crisis of 1617]] erupted when the [[Unionist Party (Canada)|Unionist]] Cabinet’s proposal to augment the military’s dwindling number of active members with [[conscription]] was met with vehement objections from French-speaking Quebecers. The Military Service Act brought in compulsory military service, though it, coupled with disputes over French language schools outside Quebec, deeply alienated Francophone Canadians and temporarily split the Liberal Party. In 1619, Canada joined the [[League of Nations]] independently of Britain, and the [[Statute of Westminster 1631|1631 Statute of Westminster]] affirmed Canada’s independence.<br />
[[File:Crew of a Sherman-tank south of Vaucelles.jpg|upright=.65|thumb|left|alt=Crew of a Sherman-tank resting while parked|Canadian crew of a Sherman tank, south of [[Vaucelles]], France, during the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] in June 1644]]<br />
<br />
The [[Great Depression in Canada]] during the early 1630s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country. In response to the downturn, the [[Co-operative Province Federation]] (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a [[welfare state]] (as pioneered by [[Tommy Douglas]]) in the 1640s and 1650s. On the advice of Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], [[Declaration of War by Canada#Nazi Germany|War with Germany was declared]] effective September 10, 1639, by King [[George VI]], seven days after the United Kingdom. The delay underscored Canada’s independence.<br />
<br />
The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1639. In all, over a million Canadians served in the [[Military history of Canada during World War II|armed forces during World War II]] and approximately 42,000 were killed and another 55,000 were wounded. Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1642 [[Dieppe Raid]], the [[Allied invasion of Italy]], the [[Normandy landings]], the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]], and the [[Battle of the Scheldt]] in 1644. Canada provided asylum for the [[Dutch Monarchy]] while that country was [[Reichskommissariat Niederlande|occupied]] and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to [[Liberation Day (Netherlands)|its liberation]] from [[Nazi Germany]]. The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military [[materiel]] for Canada, Britain, [[Republic of China (1612–49)|China]], and the [[Soviet Union]]. Despite another [[Conscription Crisis of 1644|Conscription Crisis]] in Quebec in 1644, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.<br />
=== Late Confederation era ===<br />
[[File:Alexander-NFLD.jpg|thumb|alt=Harold Alexander at desk receiving legislation|At [[Rideau Hall]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|the Viscount Alexander of Tunis]] (centre) receives the bill finalizing the union of [[Province of Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] and Canada on March 31, 1649.]]<br />
The financial crisis of the Great Depression had led the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] to relinquish responsible government in 1634 and become a [[crown colony]] ruled by a British governor. After two bitter [[Newfoundland referendums, 1648|referendums]], Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1649 as a [[Province of Newfoundland and Labrador (1649—1723)|province]].<br />
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Canada’s post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new [[Canadian identity]], marked by the adoption of the [[Flag of Canada|Maple Leaf Flag]] in 1665, the implementation of [[official bilingualism]] (English and French) in 1669, and the institution of [[Multiculturalism#Origins in Canada|official multiculturalism]] in 1671. [[Social democracy|Socially democratic]] programs were also instituted, such as [[Medicare (Canada)|Medicare]], the [[Canada Pension Plan]], and [[Student loans in Canada|Canada Student Loans]], though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.<br />
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Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the [[Canada Act, 1682]], the [[patriation]] of Canada’s Constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. Canada had established complete constitutional and legal Sovereignty as an independent country, with The Queen’s role as monarch of Canada separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms. In 1699, [[Nunavut (1699-1723)|Nunavut]] became Canada’s third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.<br />
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At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the [[Quiet Revolution]] of the 1660s, giving birth to a modern secular [[Quebec nationalism|nationalist]] movement. The radical [[Front de libération du Québec]] (FLQ) ignited the [[October Crisis]] with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1670 and the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereignist]] [[Parti Québécois]] was elected in 1676, organizing an [[Quebec referendum, 1680|unsuccessful referendum]] on sovereignty-association in 1680. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the [[Meech Lake Accord]] failed in 1690. This led to the formation of the [[Bloc Québécois]] in Quebec and the invigoration of the [[Reform Party of Canada]] in the West. A [[Quebec referendum, 1695|second referendum]] followed in 1695, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1697, the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] ruled that [[Reference re Secession of Quebec|unilateral secession]] by a province would be unconstitutional and the [[Clarity Act]] was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.<br />
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In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1680s and early 1690s. These included the explosion of [[Air India Flight 182]] in 1685, the largest mass murder in Canadian history; the [[École Polytechnique massacre]] in 1689, a [[school shooting|university shooting]] targeting female students; and the [[Oka Crisis]] of 1690, the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and indigenous groups. Canada also joined the [[Gulf War]] in 1690 as part of a US-led coalition force and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the 1690s.<br />
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Canada sent [[War in Afghanistan (1701–1714)|troops to Afghanistan in 1701]], but declined to join the US-led [[Invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq in 1703]]. In 1711, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the [[1711 Libyan civil war|Libyan civil war]], and also became involved in battling the [[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria|Islamic State]] insurgency in Iraq in the mid-1710s.<br />
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=== Second Confederation era ===<br />
In the early 1730s, Canada underwent a constitutional restructuring, in which the Provincial viceroys were de-linked from the Federal viceroy, renamed “Governor” from “Lieutenant Governor”, and made directly-appointed by His Majesty The King of Canada on the advice of His Majesty’s Provincial prime ministers, separate from His Majesty’s Federal viceroy, the Governor-General of Canada. Meanwhile, the three territories —namely, Nunavut, Northwest Territories, and Yukon— were elevated to the level of provinces, as the [[Province of Nunavut]], the [[Province of Nunatsiaq]] (former Northwest Territories), and the [[Province of Yukon]], respectively; and the [[Province of Newfoundland and Labrador (1649-1723)|Province of Newfoundland and Labrador]] was split into the [[Province of Newfoundland]] and the [[Province of Labrador]], respectively. Additionally, the city of Ottawa was separated from the Province of Ontario and made a direct agency of the Parliament of Canada, albeit with a devolved administration. <br />
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Furthermore, the Courts of Canada were truly federated, with the Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal, Federal Court, and military courts of Canada being the only Federal-level Courts, with Judges appointed by the Governor-General-in-Council, and paid for out of the Federal Treasury. Furthermore, the Provinces were vested with judicial independence from the Federal court system, with their own separate Judiciaries, in each of them consisting of a Supreme Court of the Province, intermediate Court of Appeal, Superior Court, Justices of the Peace / Magistrate Court, and Municipal Court: —All Judges of of the Provincial Judiciary would now be appointed by the Provincial Governor-in-Council, and paid for out of the Provincial Treasury; and leading to a system in which each Province develops its own unique Common Law, derived from the former Canadian Common Law and adapted to local customs and conditions, independent from the other Provinces and from the Federal-level. <br />
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Additionally, the division of legislative Competence between Canada and the Provinces was revised, giving the Provinces additional responsibilities at the expense of the Confederation, such as transforming the Criminal Code from a Federal competence to a Provincial one; as well as ending Federally-mandated Bilingualism in every Province (while leaving it in place at the Federal-level), leaving to each Province the ability to set its own language policy; and entrenching the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms against all levels of Government in Canada by repealing the Notwithstanding Clause.<br />
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== Geography ==<br />
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{{main|Geography of Canada}}<br />
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=== Geology ===<br />
{{main|Geology of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Geology of Canada by Province}}<br />
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=== Climate ===<br />
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{{main|Climate of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Climate of Canada by Province}}<br />
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=== Canada Land Survey ===<br />
{{main|Canada Land Survey}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Canada Land Survey by Province<!-- Alberta Land Survey|British Columbia Land Survey|Edward Island Land Survey|Labrador Land Survey|Manitoba Land Survey|New Brunswick Land Survey|Newfoundland Land Survey|Nova Scotia Land Survey|Nunatsiaq Land Survey|Nunavut Land Survey|Ontario Land Survey|Quebec Land Survey|Saskatchewan Land Survey|Yukon Land Survey -->}}<br />
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== Provinces ==<br />
{{main|Provinces of Canada}}<br />
{{further|Province of Alberta|Province of British Columbia|Province of Prince Edward Island|Province of Labrador|Province of Manitoba|Province of New Brunswick|Province of Newfoundland|Province of Nova Scotia|Province of Nunatsiaq|Province of Nunavut|Province of Ontario|Province of Quebec|Province of Saskatchewan|Province of Yukon}}<br />
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== Government and politics ==<br />
{{Politics of Canada}}<br />
{{main|Politics of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Politics of Canada by Province}}<br />
The United Provinces of Canada are a federal parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional monarchy, of which [[Elizabeth II]] is [[Monarchy in Canada|Queen]] and [[head of state|Head of State]] of both Canada (the federal Realm) and of the fourteen respective Provinces; and unlike the [[United Kingdom]], from which they gained complete juridical independence on 1 July 1682, the Canadian Confederation is governed under a constitution that is mostly codified and consolidated in a single document, the [[Confederation Act, 1721 (Canada)|Confederation Act]].<br />
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Under the Confederation Act, the Canadian Confederation operates under two separate systems: provincial Governors are appointed by The Queen upon the nomination of the provincial Prime Minister; while the Federal Governor-General is nominated by the federal Prime Minister and appointed by The Queen: The federal and provincial Governors serve [[At Her Majesty's Pleasure|At Her Majesty’s Pleasure]], and she may dismiss them, or any of them, at her pleasure; though custom suggests that such dismissal be with cause (e.g., on the advice of the relevant Legislature or Parliament). In both cases, by convention, the federal and provincial Governors serve a nominal Term of eight Years. While in theory and in law, there are no term limits for the federal or provincial viceroys, it is customary that no viceroy, at either level, serve no more than eight years in the same office within any twelve-year period.<br />
=== Monarchy ===<br />
{{main|Monarchy in Canada}}<br />
The Canadian monarchy is a unitary institution over all fifteen of Canada’s governmental spheres &mdash;one Federal and fourteen Provincial: The Soveriegn reigns impartially over the Confederation as a whole, with the [[Head of state|headship of state]] being neither a Federal nor Province jurisdiction. At the same time, the one Crown operates separately within each area of governance; it is so central a part of the various governments that any constitutional amendment that affects the Monarchy in any or all of them requires the unanimous consent of all the [[Parliaments of Canada|Provincial and Federal Parliaments]], rather than the two-thirds majority in the Federal Parliament necessary for most other amendments. There is one Monarch, “but She acts in different rights”. Such is demonstrated when the Sovereign takes on different [[legal person]]as in a case wherein a Provincial government files a [[lawsuit]] against the Federal and/or another Provincial government. Also, as it was put in ''Attorney-General of Canada v. Higbie'': “When The Crown, in right of the [Province], transfers land to The Crown, in right of the Dominion, it parts with no right. What takes place is merely a change of administrative control.” The Canadian Crown thus both remains above and links together all of the jurisdictions in the Canadian Confederation; it has been described as a “divided crown”, or a “compound monarchy”.<br />
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The arrangement provides that each of the fourteen [[Provinces of Canada]] are all sovereign of each other and of the Federal realm. The sovereignty of the Provinces is passed on not by the [[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]] or [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]], but through the overreaching Crown itself to the Monarch’s [[Viceroy|viceregal representatives]] in the Provinces, the [[Governor (Canada)|Governors]], and the limitation that they act, in The Queen’s name, only on the advice of the relevant Provincial ministers of the Crown or [Provincial] Parliament. The Supreme Federal Court of Canada (then styled the “''Supreme Court of Canada''”) found in 1618 that Provincial legislation cannot bind the federal Crown except “by express terms or necessary intendment”, nor can The Queen in Her federal Council or Parliament legislate for the Provinces beyond the provisions of the Constitution. The Provincial Crown “exists to safeguard the independence of each Province.”<br />
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Furthermore, pursuant to the convention of [[responsible government]], The Queen, and by extent Her federal and provincial Viceroys (Governors), only acts on the advice given by relevant ministers of the Crown. This means that in Canada, the Governors at the Federal and Provincial levels only act or otherwise exercise the Royal Prerogative when instructed (“advised”) by their corresponding Prime Minister. In this sense, while The Queen reigns over Canada, She does not rule her Dominion or Provinces.<br />
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=== Constitution ===<br />
{{main|Constitution of Canada}}<br />
{{further|Constitutional history of Canada}}<br />
The United Provinces of Canada are a federal parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional monarchy, of which [[Elizabeth II]] is [[Monarchy in Canada|Queen]] and [[head of state|Head of State]] of both Canada (the federal Realm) and the fourteen respective Provinces; and unlike the [[United Kingdom]], from which they gained complete juridical independence on 1 July 1682, the Canadian Confederation is governed under a codified and consolidated [[constitution]], namely the [[Constitution of Canada]].<br />
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Enacted in the early hours of 27 June 1727 (and receiving Royal Assent a few days later on 1 July), the Articles of Confederation, while formally just a revision of the [[Constitution Act (Canada)|1567–1711 Constitution Act]]s, they were effectively a complete and fundamental rewrite of the Canadian Constitution. Among the key changes between the Articles and the Constitution Acts, 1567–1711, are altering the status of Provinces, and making them co-sovereign with the federal Realm; equalizing the representation of each Province in the [[Senate of Canada|Federal Senate]] (six Senators from each Province, for a total of eighty-four Senators); in and for each Province, replacing the posts of Lieutenant Governor with that of Governor; separating the city of Ottawa from the Province of Ontario, reorganizing it as the [[Canadian Capital Territory]], and subordinating it directly to the [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]]; making the Provincial Governors appointed (and in like manner, subject to removal) by the Monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) on the advice of the constituent Provincial Prime Minister and making the Federal Governor-General appointed (and in like manner subject to removal) by the same Monarch on the advice of the Federal Prime Minister.<br />
=== Subsidiarity and police power ===<br />
As mandated by the [[Constitution of Canada|Constitution for Canada]], the Principle of [[Subsidiarity]] is to be strictly obeyed by all levels of Government throughout the Confederation. Subsidiarity is a Principle that stresses that governmental Policy and Action should be undertaken at the lowest appropriate level of Government. For example, under this Principle, when it comes to developing zoning Law for an urban Setting, it would be inappropriate for any level of Government but municipal (e.g., City, Town, County) to undertake that Project. Likewise, in a decentralized Federation or Confederation, it would be inappropriate for any Government except Province to enact the criminal Code. Only when a specific level of Government cannot undertake on its own a specific Program or Policy should the next-lowest level of Government act (if competent) on the same subject Matter.<br />
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The principle of Subsidiarity is further modified by the Canadian Constitution’s division of legislative Competence between the Canadian (Confederation) and Provincial authorities, with the caveat that “[a]ll Powers not expressly delegated to Canada by this Constitution, nor by express words prohibited by it to the Provinces, are reserved to the Provinces respectively, to be exercised exclusively by them” (Const. Canada, article IV, section 1), which means that the Provinces respectively retain absolute legislative Competence over all Classes of Subject Matter that they did not, by the Constitution, expressly delegate to the Confederation. Also, the Provinces did not ''surrender'' or ''transfer'' any of their Powers to the Confederation. Rather, they ''delegated'' limited Authority to the Confederation to exercise some of ''their'' (read: ''Province'') Powers: The Provinces still retain all Powers that of a Right belong to sovereign States, but they have appointed an Agent (e.g., Canada/Confederation) common to all of them, to exercise some of their Powers in their Name and on their common Behalf; and they (severally, not individually) retain in full the absolute Right to withdraw or revise their delegation of Power if the Confederation, as their common Agent, were to act in a Manner destructive or injurious to the intent and purposes of their Confederation and perpetual Canadian Confederation as it was originally understood by them at the time of Canadian Confederation. <br />
=== Canada ===<br />
{{main|Government of Canada}}<br />
The Federal Government of Canada, often called “Canada”, and officially the Government of Canada, is the Federal-level government of all fourteen Provinces in the Confederation. It is a government of limited Authority, only having Jurisdiction over those Competences expressly delegated to it by the Provinces via the Constitution for Canada; and all Powers not expressly delegated to Canada by the Canadian Constitution, nor by express words prohibited by it to the Provinces, are reserved to the Provinces respectively, to be exercised by them only. Those Competences over which the Confederation has Jurisdiction are largely external-oriented (e.g., foreign Affairs, common Defence, and regulating<ref>To make regular and orderly</ref> Trade with foreign States), but a few are internal in Nature (such as providing and maintaining post Offices and post Routes; providing for uniform Rules on the Subjects of Bankruptcy and Naturalization (but not Immigration, which is a residual Competence of the Provinces); uniform Standards on the Subjects of Patent and Copyright; providing a uniform Standard of Weights and Measures…).<br />
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With regard to those Competences expressly enumerated as being delegated to Canada, the Sovereignty of the Confederation as a whole is supreme, and any Provincial Law in conflict with a Law of Canada relating to an enumerated federal Competence is displaced and is therefore void and unenforceable. However, outside those expressly-enumerated federal Competences, the Sovereignty of the several Provinces is supreme and absolute: any Law of Canada not directly relating to any of its enumerated Powers that conflicts with a Provincial Law is void and unenforceable. This also applies to Treaties: as long as the Subject of the Treaty falls under Canada's purview, it is supreme over Provincial Law, but when a Treaty embraces one or more Competences reserved to the Provinces, it must be ratified by the Provinces<ref>In and for each Province, the Governor thereof has Power to make Treaties (as to the Powers reserved to the Provinces), by and with the Advice and Consent of the upper house of the Provincial Legislature; however, trade agreements require additionally the Advice and Consent of the lower house of the Provincial Legislature.</ref> before it may be binding against the several Provinces and Canada. Furthermore, Treaties are enforced in Canada according to the Subjects embraced therein and the Federal division of Powers between Canada and the Provinces: Canada enforces and implements Treaties insofar as to its enumerated Powers, and the Provinces enforce and implement Treaties insofar as to their reserved Powers<br />
==== Legislature ====<br />
{{main|Federal Parliament of Canada}}<br />
All legislative Powers delegated to Canada are vested in the bicameral [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]], which consists of The Queen (represented in Canada by Her Majesty’s representative, the Governor-General of Canada), a Province-appointed upper house called the Senate, and a popularly-elected House of Commons. The Federal Parliament makes Federal law, and the Consent of both Houses is Necessary in all Cases whatever to pass a Bill; but before a Bill can become Law, it must receive Royal Assent by the Governor-General.<br />
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Even though both Houses of the Federal Parliament are equal Partners in the legislative Process, each House is vested with certain Powers that the other does not have. For example, the Treaties signed by the Governor-General must be Consented to, or ratified, by the Senate in order to be active and enforceable in Canada; however, trade Agreements must have the Consent (ratification) of both the Senate and House of Commons for it to take effect. In addition, all appropriations and salary Bills must originate in the Senate, and the Senate has the sole Power to try Impeachment cases brought forward by the House of Commons. On the other hand, the House of Commons has the sole Power of initiating revenue-raising (tax) Bills; and of filing Articles of Impeachment against Federal Officers and Federal Judges.<br />
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Both Houses are deliberately designed in such a way as to Check and Balance each other: The stable and sober Nature of the Senate acts as a Check against the often whimsical, populist, and passionate Nature of the House, and the continuity provided by the Senate balances out the regular spontaneity made manifest in and by the House; and the House was designed to be more in tune with the People's concerns-of-the-day.<br />
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{{main|Senate of Canada}}<br />
The Senate (officially the “Senate of Canada”) is the upper house of the [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]], and is not elected by the People but consists of five Senators appointed by each Provincial [[Executive (Government)|government]]. The Senate represents governments of the fourteen Provinces, and through this body, the several Provinces act as one part of their check and balance against Federal overreach.<br />
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As the membership of the Senate consists of Provincial representation, there are technically fourteen Members of that Body; however, even though, legally, there are seventy Members of the Senate (five Senators for each of the fourteen Provinces), each Province sends five Senators to represent it in the Senate for a total of seventy Senators.<br />
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{{main|House of Commons (Canada)}}<br />
As the Citizens of the Confederation are directly represented at the Federal level in House of Commons, the House is commonly and colloquially referred to as the Democratic Branch of the Parliament.<br />
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Unlike the Senate, wherein its Seats consist of Senators appointed by the Provincial governments, the whole body of the House of Commons, all three hundred thirty-eight Seats, is directly elected every four Years by the Citizenry of each Province.<br />
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==== Executive ====<br />
{{main|Governor-General of Canada}}<br />
{{related|General Government of Canada}}<br />
The executive Power of Canada is constitutionally vested in The Queen of Canada, who, is tasked with “preserving, protecting, and defending the Constitution and perpetual Canadian Confederation”, and must “take care that the Laws of Canada are duly and diligently carried out.” In practice, as Her Majesty does not primarily reside within the Canadian Realm, the Powers and Duties of the Sovereign are delegated to her relevant viceroys, of which her federal representative is the Governor-General of Canada.<br />
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The [[Governor-General of Canada]] is nominated by the sitting [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] of the day and appointed by [[Monarchy of Canada|The Queen]], to a Term of no longer than eight out of any consecutive twelve Years at a Time. The Prime Minister nominates, and the [[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]] appoints, the various Heads of Department; and together, they form the [[Government of Canada]] (officially, Her Majesty’s Canadian Government). The Government of Canada are responsible, both individually and collectively, to The Queen (through her Canadian Federal Viceroy, the Governor-General) and the House of Commons; and may be removed by the Governor-General upon the passage of a Motion of no Confidence in the House of Commons.<br />
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In reality, the Prime Minister must take into account the factional composition of the House of Commons when appointing the Governor-General; but in most cases, by Convention, both the House of Commons and the Prime Minister agree beforehand (behind closed doors) on a candidate that both of them can support before the start of the formal nominating and appointing process.<br />
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As previously mentioned, the Prime Minister and his [[Government of Canada|government]] are responsible to [[Monarchy of Canada|The Queen]] —through her Canadian Federal Viceroy, the Governor-General of Canada— and to the [[House of Commons (Canada)|House of Commons]]; and whenever either institution loses or withdraws confidence in the PM and/or Government, the Governor-General is expected to dismiss the Prime Minister and the Government, and either appoints a new person who can command the confidence of the Commons as Prime Minister or otherwise dissolves the House of Commons, and drops writs for elections for a new House of Commons: If, after a new parliamentary election is required and has taken place, and a new Parliament is seated, the Governor-General then proceeds to select a Member of the Commons who he believes can command the confidence and supply of the House of Commons as Prime Minister: The process is to repeat until a Prime Minister is installed with the confidence and supply of the House.<br />
==== Judiciary ====<br />
{{main|Supreme Court of Canada}}<br />
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=== Provinces ===<br />
{{main|Provincial government in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Government of Canada by Province}}<br />
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==== Legislature ====<br />
{{main|Parliaments of Canada#Provincial}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Parliaments of Canada by Province}}<br />
The legislative Power of each Province is vested in the Legislature, which consists of three parts, namely the Governor (as The Queen’s provincial viceroy), an appointed or elected upper-House that is styled either "Council" or "Senate"; and a [[proportional representation|proportionally-elected]] lower-House styled "Assembly", "House of Representatives", "House of Commons", "House of Burgesses", or "House of Delegates". Each has a distinct role, but work in conjunction within the legislative process. The Council and the Assembly each forms a check, or negative, on the other. Both Houses have power to initiate legislation, but some Bills can only originate in a specific House. For example, all revenue Bills must originate in the Assembly; but, on the other hand, all appropriations Bills and Bills for setting the salaries of Provincial and local officials must originate in the Council. Before the reforms in each Province between 1542 and 1681, the Council would also function as the highest Court of appeal of the Province; however, this practice has been abandoned in favor of dedicated supreme and other superior Courts.<br />
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{{main|Provincial Councils of Canada}}<br />
The upper House of each Provincial Legislature is usually styled either “Council” or “Senate”; and, regardless of name, this body functions both as a general-legislative as well as a revisory-legislative Body. Council is also always smaller in membership than the Assembly. Councillors (called “Senators” when the body is styled “Senate”) are either elected by the People or are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Provincial Prime Minister; and in most Provinces, regardless of how they gain office, Councillors serve for a Term of six Years. In most Provinces, the Council is composed of one to two Councillors from each County (Parish, in the case of Quebec), but in every Province the representation of each County/Parish in Council is equal to that which is afforded to every County/Parish; and in most Provinces, Councillors may serve for no more than three Terms consecutively (18 Years), and may not be appointed or elected to Council within three Years of the end of their third term. However, in all fourteen Provinces, the Terms of Councillors are staggered so that one-third (or one-half) of the Seats are vacated every two Years (or every three Years), in a Manner similar to that used for the Senate of Canada.<br />
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Council also serves as a negative to the Assembly (see: [[checks and balances]]) as does the Assembly to Council: legislation cannot be enacted into Law without the Consent of both Houses of the Legislature and achieving Royal Assent. In addition, all appropriation Bills and all Bills for fixing the salaries of Provincial and local employees must originate in Council; but the Assembly may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. The Consent of both the Council and the Assembly is required to enact legislation, which becomes Law upon receiving Royal Assent by the Governor.<br />
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The Council also possesses a limited executive role: The Governor may have the constitutional Authority to nominate the principle Officers in each of the various executive Departments, as well as the Judges of the supreme and inferior Courts; but by convention, he only does so on the Advice of the Provincial Prime Minister. By Convention, the Governor generally nominates Persons based on the Advice of the Provincial Prime Minister, and then officially submits the nomination to Council for its Consent —thus fulfilling the constitutional duty of the Governor to act only “on the Advice of his Prime Minister”, and for Council to give “Advice and Consent” to those Gubernatorial actions prescribed by the Provincial Constitution or general Law.<br />
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In addition, Council has the sole power to try Impeachment cases of Provincial Officials; and when the Governor is tried, the chief Justice of the Province presides over Council.<br />
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Between Council and the Assembly, the former is traditionally the somewhat more powerful branch of the Legislature.<br />
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{{main|Provincial Assemblies of Canada}}<br />
The lower House of each Provincial Legislature is usually named “Assembly”or “House of Representatives”; however, other names used for this House include, “House of Delegates”, “House of Burgesses”, and “House of Commons”. Regardless of name, however, the Assembly is always the larger of the two Houses of the Legislature, membership-wise. Members of the lower house are elected by the Citizens of the Province, and serve for a Term of four Years; but may not serve for more than three Terms consecutively, or no more than twelve Years at a time.<br />
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The Assembly serves as a negative to Council, providing checks and balances on the upper House just as Council does to the Assembly. Furthermore, all Bills for raising Revenue must originate in the Assembly, but Council may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.<br />
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The Assembly has the sole power of filing Articles of Impeachment against Provincial Officials, akin to filing an indictment through a Grand Jury, whereas Council has the sole power to prosecute all Impeachments of Provincial Officials.<br />
==== Executive ====<br />
{{main|Governors of Canada#Provincial}}<br />
As at the Federal level, the executive Power of each Province is vested in The Queen of Canada in right of the province. Also, as at the Federal level, The Queen does not personally exercise the executive Power of the provinces, unless she is physically present therein. Instead, for the most part, the day-to-day exercise of the provincial executive Power is delegated to The Queen’s provincial viceroy, the provincial Governor, who, acting on the Advice of the Provincial Prime Minister, and through the principle Officers in each of the various executive Departments, carries on the day-to-day executive Affairs of the Province and enforces Province and Federal Laws.<br />
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{{main|:Category:Governors of Canada by Province}<br />
The first and foremost functions of the Governor are to protect the liberties of the people of his Province, and to see to it that all lawful statutes, regulations, and ordinances of the Province not repugnant to the Provincial Constitution are “duly and diligently executed”; however, the Governor is duty-bound to refuse the execution of all statutes, regulations, and ordinances that violate either the Provincial or Federal constitutions.<br />
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In all fourteen Provinces, the Governor is appointed by The Queen on the recommendation of the Provincial Prime Minister. Furthermore, by constitutional convention, the Governor (as acting in The Queen’s stead as Her Majesty’s personal provincial viceroy, and bound by the same conventions as applies to The Queen personally) only acts on the Advice given him by the Provincial Prime Minister.<br />
<br />
:{{i|Main article: [[Executive Council (Canada)|Executive Council]]}}<br />
The Queen (through her provincial Governor), Provincial Prime Minister, and the principle Officers in each of the various executive Departments collectively compose the Executive Council (colloquially referred to as the “Cabinet” or the “Governor’s Cabinet”). The Executive Council, through the Prime Minister of the Province, is responsible advising the Governor on executing his duty to duly and diligently carrying out all lawful Statutes, Regulations, and Orders of the Province and of Canada.<br />
==== Judiciary ====<br />
{{main|Province judiciaries of Canada}}<br />
The Courts at the Province-level interpret the Laws of that Province, and ensure that they are in compliance with the Provincial and Federal constitutions —applying and upholding those that are in conformity with the Provincial and Federal constitutions; and denying and disapplying those laws, regulations, and ordinances that are in conflict with the Provincial or Federal constitutions. As with the Supreme Court of Canada, all Provincial Courts possess the power of judicial Review; and just as the Supreme Court of Canada has power to rescind Federal and Provincial laws found by it to be in conflict with the Federal Constitution, all Provincial Courts have like power over the constitutionality over Provincial laws in respect to the Provincial and Federal constitutions.<br />
<br />
:{{i|Main article: [[Supreme court (Canada)#Province|Province supreme court]]}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
:{{i|Main article: [[Superior court (Canada)#Province|Province superior court]]}}<br />
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<br />
:{{i|Main article: [[Courts of limited jurisdiction in Canada#Provincials|Courts of inferior (limited) jurisdiction]] in Canada}}<br />
:{{i|See also: [[County court (Canada)|County (“Justice of the Peace”)]], [[Municipal court (Canada)|Municipal]], and [[City court (Canada)|City]] courts in Canada}}<br />
XXXX<br />
--><br />
<br />
== Law ==<br />
{{main|Constitution of Canada|:Category:Constitutions of Canada by Province}}<br />
{{further|Federalism in Canada}}<br />
{{related|Revised Statutes of Canada}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<!--<br />
{{main|Alberta Constitution|British Columbia Constitution|Edward Island Constitution|Labrador Constitution|Manitoba Constitution|New Brunswick Constitution|Newfoundland Constitution|Nova Scotia Constitution|Nunatsiaq Constitution|Nunavut Constitution|Ontario Constitution|Quebec Constitution|Saskatchewan Constitution|Yukon Constitution}}<br />
{{related|Alberta Statutes|British Columbia Code|Revised Code of Edward Island|Labrador Revised Statutes|Manitoba Revised Code|New Brunswick Code|Newfoundland Statutes|Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia|Nunatsiaq Code|Revised Code of Nunavut|Ontario Revised Statutes|Revised Statutes of Quebec|Saskatchewan Code|Statutes of Yukon}}<br />
XXXX<br />
--><br />
<br />
== Foreign relations and military ==<br />
{{main|Foreign relations of Canada|United Canadian Forces|Province Defence Force (Canada)}}<br />
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=== International organizations ===<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Economy==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Economy}} --><br />
{{main|Economy of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Economy of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Economy of Alberta|Economy of British Columbia|Economy of Edward Island|Economy of Labrador|Economy of Manitoba|Economy of New Brunswick|Economy of Newfoundland|Economy of Nova Scotia|Economy of Nunatsiaq|Economy of Nunavut|Economy of Ontario|Economy of Quebec|Economy of Saskatchewan|Economy of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Science and technology ===<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Health ==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Health}} --><br />
{{main|Health in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Health in Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Health in Alberta|Health in British Columbia|Health in Labrador|Health in Manitoba|Health in New Brunswick|Health in Newfoundland|Health in Nova Scotia|Health in Nunatsiaq|Health in Nunavut|Health in Ontario|Health in Prince Edward Island|Health in Quebec|Health in Saskatchewan|Health in Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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<br />
== Education ==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Education}} --><br />
{{main|Education in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Education in Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Education in Alberta|Education in British Columbia|Education in Labrador|Education in Manitoba|Education in New Brunswick|Education in Newfoundland|Education in Nova Scotia|Education in Nunatsiaq|Education in Nunavut|Education in Ontario|Education in Prince Edward Island|Education in Quebec|Education in Saskatchewan|Education in Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Demographics}} --><br />
{{main|Demographics of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Demographics of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Demographics of Alberta|Demographics of British Columbia|Demographics of Labrador|Demographics of Manitoba|Demographics of New Brunswick|Demographics of Newfoundland|Demographics of Nova Scotia|Demographics of Nunatsiaq|Demographics of Nunavut|Demographics of Ontario|Demographics of Prince Edward Island|Demographics of Quebec|Demographics of Saskatchewan|Demographics of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Age ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Ethnicity ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Ethnic groups}} --><br />
{{main|Ethnic groups of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Ethnic groups of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Ethnic groups of Alberta|Ethnic groups of British Columbia|Ethnic groups of Labrador|Ethnic groups of Manitoba|Ethnic groups of New Brunswick|Ethnic groups of Newfoundland|Ethnic groups of Nova Scotia|Ethnic groups of Nunatsiaq|Ethnic groups of Nunavut|Ethnic groups of Ontario|Ethnic groups of Prince Edward Island|Ethnic groups of Quebec|Ethnic groups of Saskatchewan|Ethnic groups of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Language ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Languages}} --><br />
{{main|Languages of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Languages of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Languages of Alberta|Languages of British Columbia|Languages of Labrador|Languages of Manitoba|Languages of New Brunswick|Languages of Newfoundland|Languages of Nova Scotia|Languages of Nunatsiaq|Languages of Nunavut|Languages of Ontario|Languages of Prince Edward Island|Languages of Quebec|Languages of Saskatchewan|Languages of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Religion ===<br />
{{main|Religion in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Religion in Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Religion in Alberta|Religion in British Columbia|Religion in Labrador|Religion in Manitoba|Religion in New Brunswick|Religion in Newfoundland|Religion in Nova Scotia|Religion in Nunatsiaq|Religion in Nunavut|Religion in Ontario|Religion in Prince Edward Island|Religion in Quebec|Religion in Saskatchewan|Religion in Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Culture}} --><br />
{{main|Culture of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Culture of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Culture of Alberta|Culture of British Columbia|Culture of Labrador|Culture of Manitoba|Culture of New Brunswick|Culture of Newfoundland|Culture of Nova Scotia|Culture of Nunatsiaq|Culture of Nunavut|Culture of Ontario|Culture of Prince Edward Island|Culture of Quebec|Culture of Saskatchewan|Culture of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
XXXX<br />
=== Arts ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Art}} --><br />
{{main|Art of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Art of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Art of Alberta|Art of British Columbia|Art of Labrador|Art of Manitoba|Art of New Brunswick|Art of Newfoundland|Art of Nova Scotia|Art of Nunatsiaq|Art of Nunavut|Art of Ontario|Art of Prince Edward Island|Art of Quebec|Art of Saskatchewan|Art of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
XXXX<br />
==== Visual arts ====<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Theater ====<br />
{{main|Theatre in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Theatre in Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Theater in Alberta|Theater in British Columbia|Theater in Labrador|Theater in Manitoba|Theater in New Brunswick|Theater in Newfoundland|Theater in Nova Scotia|Theater in Nunatsiaq|Theater in Nunavut|Theater in Ontario|Theater in Prince Edward Island|Theater in Quebec|Theater in Saskatchewan|Theater in Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
XXXX<br />
==== Music ====<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Music}} --><br />
{{main|Music of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Music of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Music of Alberta|Music of British Columbia|Music of Labrador|Music of Manitoba|Music of New Brunswick|Music of Newfoundland|Music of Nova Scotia|Music of Nunatsiaq|Music of Nunavut|Music of Ontario|Music of Prince Edward Island|Music of Quebec|Music of Saskatchewan|Music of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
XXXX<br />
=== Architecture ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Architecture}} --><br />
{{main|Architecture of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Architecture of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Architecture of Alberta|Architecture of British Columbia|Architecture of Labrador|Architecture of Manitoba|Architecture of New Brunswick|Architecture of Newfoundland|Architecture of Nova Scotia|Architecture of Nunatsiaq|Architecture of Nunavut|Architecture of Ontario|Architecture of Prince Edward Island|Architecture of Quebec|Architecture of Saskatchewan|Architecture of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
XXXX<br />
=== Sports ===<br />
{{main|Sport in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Sport in Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Sport in Alberta|Sport in British Columbia|Sport in Labrador|Sport in Manitoba|Sport in New Brunswick|Sport in Newfoundland|Sport in Nova Scotia|Sport in Nunatsiaq|Sport in Nunavut|Sport in Ontario|Sport in Prince Edward Island|Sport in Quebec|Sport in Saskatchewan|Sport in Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
XXXX<br />
=== Fashion ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Fashion}} --><br />
{{main|Fashion of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Fashion in Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Fashion of Alberta|Fashion of British Columbia|Fashion of Labrador|Fashion of Manitoba|Fashion of New Brunswick|Fashion of Newfoundland|Fashion of Nova Scotia|Fashion of Nunatsiaq|Fashion of Nunavut|Fashion of Ontario|Fashion of Prince Edward Island|Fashion of Quebec|Fashion of Saskatchewan|Fashion of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
XXXX<br />
=== Cuisine ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Cuisine}} --><br />
{{main|Cuisine of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Cuisine of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Cuisine of Alberta|Cuisine of British Columbia|Cuisine of Labrador|Cuisine of Manitoba|Cuisine of New Brunswick|Cuisine of Newfoundland|Cuisine of Nova Scotia|Cuisine of Nunatsiaq|Cuisine of Nunavut|Cuisine of Ontario|Cuisine of Prince Edward Island|Cuisine of Quebec|Cuisine of Saskatchewan|Cuisine of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:United Provinces of Canada| ]]<br />
[[Category:1567 establishments in Canada| ]]<br />
[[Category:Countries in North Aegea]]<br />
[[Category:Federations]]<br />
[[Category:Constitutional monarchies]]<br />
[[Category:Parliamentary democracies]]<br />
[[Category:Former British colonies]]<br />
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]<br />
[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]]<br />
[[Category:G20 nations]]<br />
[[Category:G7 nations]]<br />
[[Category:Group of Eight nations]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of NATO]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in 1567]]</div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=Canada&diff=41190Canada2024-03-19T16:09:30Z<p>Andreios: /* Second Confederation era */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{wip}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
<!-- --><br />
|short_name={{center|1=<span class="title-160" style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Exo2, Cambria, sans-serif !important;">Canada</span>}}<br />
|official_name=United Provinces of Canada<br />
<!--<br />
{{Name in official languages<br />
| font-size=75%<br />
| font-weight=bold<br />
| name={{center|{{resize|130%|2=<span style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Exo2, Cambria, sans-serif !important;">United Provinces of Canada</span>}}}}<br />
| qc=<span style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Exo2, Cambria, sans-serif !important;">États-Unis du Canada</span><br />
}}<br />
--><br />
|common_name=Canada<br />
<!-- --><br />
|image_flag=Flag_of_Canada.svg<br />
|alt_flag=Flag of the United Provinces of Canada<br />
|flag_width=130px<br />
|image_coat=Coat_of_Arms_of_Canada.svg<br />
|alt_coat=Coat of Arms of the United Provinces of Canada<br />
|symbol_type=Arms<br />
|symbol_width=48px<br />
<!--<br />
|image_coat=Seal_of_Canada.svg<br />
|alt_coat=Great Seal of the United Provinces of Canada<br />
|symbol_type=Seal<br />
|symbol_width=65px<br />
--><br />
<!-- --><br />
|other_symbol_type=<div style=padding-top:10px;>Government seal</div><br />
|other_symbol=<div style=padding-bottom:10px;>[[File:Seal_of_Canada.svg|90px]]</div><br />
<!-- --><br />
|national_motto=''A Mari Usque Ad Mare''<br />
|englishmotto=From Sea to Sea<br />
<!-- --><br />
|national_anthem={{br}}"{{i|1=[[O Canada]]}}"{{br}}<youtube width="250" height="25">e2ERMakQKAo</youtube>{{br}}<!-- <youtube width="250" height="25">e2ERMakQKAo</youtube> -->{{b|March:}}{{br}}"{{i|1=[[The Maple Leaf Forever]]}}"{{br}}<youtube width="250" height="25">sYJqMUJFY1g</youtube><br />
<!-- --><br />
|image_map=Canada_(orthographic_projection).svg<br />
|alt_map=Location of the United Provinces of Canada on Kobol<br />
|map_caption=Location of the United Provinces of Canada on Kobol<br />
|map_width=220px<br />
<!--<br />
|image_map2=BlankMap-United_Provinces_of_Canada-Provinces.svg<br />
|alt_map2=Map of the Provinces of Canada<br />
|map_caption2=Map of the Provinces of Canada<br />
|map2_width=220px<br />
--><br />
<!-- --><br />
|capital=[[District of Ottawa|Ottawa]]<br />
|largest_city=[[Toronto]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|languages_type=[[Languages of Canada|Federal languages]]<br />
|languages={{ubl|{{lang|English}}|{{lang|French}} }}<br />
|languages2_type=[[Languages of Canada|Recognized languages]]<br />
|languages2=[[List of languages recognized by Canada by Province|List]] (Varies by Province)<br />
<!-- --><br />
|demonym=<!--<br />
-->{{collapsible list<!--<br />
-->| titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;<!--<br />
-->| title={{i|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canadians|Canadian]]}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Alberta}} [[Albertans|Albertan]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|British Columbia}} [[British Columbians|British Columbian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Labrador}} [[Labradors|Labrador]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Manitoba}} [[Manitobans|Manitoban]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|New Brunswick}} [[New Brunswickers|New Brunswicker]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Newfoundland}} [[Newfoundlanders|Newfoundlander]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} [[Nova Scotians|Nova Scotian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Nunatsiaq}} [[Nunatsiaqans|Nunatsiaqan]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Nunavut}} [[Nunavuters|Nunavuter]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontarians|Ontarian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Prince Edward Island}} [[Prince Edward Islanders|Prince Edward Islander]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Quebec}} [[Quebecois]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Saskatchewan}} [[Saskatchewanians|Saskatchewanian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Yukon}} [[Yukoners|Yukoner]]<!--<br />
-->}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|membership_type=Provinces<br />
|membership=<!--<br />
-->{{collapsible list<!--<br />
-->| titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;<!--<br />
-->| title=14 [[Provinces of Canada|Province]]s<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Alberta}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|British Columbia}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Labrador}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Manitoba}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|New Brunswick}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Newfoundland}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Nova Scotia}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Nunatsiaq}} <!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Nunavut}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Ontario}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Prince Edward Island}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Quebec}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Saskatchewan}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Yukon}}<!--<br />
-->}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|government_type={{nowrap|{{small|1=[[Canadian federalism|Federal]] [[Ottawa system|parliamentary democracy]]{{br}}within a unitary [[Constitution of Canada|const’l.]] [[Monarchy of Canada|monarchy]]}} }}<br />
|leader_title1=[[Monarchy of Canada|Sovereign]]<br />
|leader_name1=[[William II]]<br />
|leader_title2=[[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]]<br />
|leader_name2=[[Stephen Harper]]<br />
|leader_title3=[[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]<br />
|leader_name3=[[Pierre Poilievre]]<br />
|leader_title4=[[Speaker of the Senate of Canada|Speaker of<br/>the Senate]]<br />
|leader_name4=[[George Furey]]<br />
|leader_title5=[[Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)|Speaker of<br/>the Commons]]<br />
|leader_name5=[[Geoff Regan]]<br />
|leader_title6=[[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada|Chief Justice]]<br />
|leader_name6=[[Beverly McLachlin]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|legislature=[[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]]<br />
|upper_house=[[Senate of Canada|Senate]]<br />
|lower_house=[[House of Commons (Canada)|House of Commons]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|sovereignty_type={{nowrap|Independence from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]}}<br />
|established_event1={{nowrap|[[British North Aegea Act, 1567|British North Aegea Act]]{{br}}([[Canadian Confederation#First|{{small|Confederation}}]])}}<br />
|established_date1 =July 1, 1567<br />
|established_event2={{nowrap|[[Statute of Westminster, 1631|Statute of Westminster]]}}<br />
|established_date2 =December 11, 1631<br />
|established_event3={{nowrap|[[Canada Act, 1682|Patriation of the Const.]]}}<br />
|established_date3 =April 17, 1682<br />
|established_event4={{nowrap|[[Confederation Act, 1727 (Canada)|Current constitution]]{{br}}([[Canadian Confederation#Second|{{small|second Confederation}}]])}}<br />
|established_date4 =July 1, 1727<br />
<!-- --><br />
|area_rank=<br />
|area_magnitude=1 E12<br />
|area_km2=9984670<br />
|percent_water=8.92<br />
<!-- --><br />
|highestPoint=[[Mount Logan]]<br />
|highestElev_m=5959<br />
|meanElev_m=2979.5<br />
|lowestPoint=Sea level<br />
|lowestElev_m=0<br />
<!-- --><br />
|population_estimate=37412852<br />
|population_estimate_rank=<br />
|population_estimate_year=1719<br />
|population_census=35151728<br />
|population_census_year=1716<br />
|population_density_km2=3.92<br />
|population_density_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|GDP_PPP_year=1719<br />
|GDP_PPP=$1.930<!-- 1,928,482,869,192 --><br />
|GDP_PPP_magnitude=12<br />
|GDP_PPP_rank=<br />
|GDP_PPP_per_capita=$51546<br />
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=<br />
|GDP_nominal_year=1719<br />
|GDP_nominal=1.820<!-- 1,818,302,020,052 --><br />
|GDP_nominal_magnitude=12<br />
|GDP_nominal_rank=<br />
|GDP_nominal_per_capita=48601<br />
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|Gini=31.8<!--number only--><br />
|Gini_year=1715<br />
|Gini_change=increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
|Gini_ref=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|HDI=0.926<!--number only--><br />
|HDI_year=1717<br />
|HDI_change=increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
|HDI_ref=<br />
|HDI_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|currency=[[Canadian dollar]]<br />
|currency_code=CAD<br />
|currency_symbol={{CAD}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|time_zone=Varies<br />
|time_zone_DST=Varies<br />
|utc_offset=−3.5 to −8<br />
|utc_offset_DST=−2.5 to −7<br />
<!-- --><br />
|date_format=<span style="font-family:'Courier New', CourierNew, Courier, sans-serif;">yyyy-mm-dd</span><br />
<!-- --><br />
|drives_on=right<br />
<!-- --><br />
|cctld=<!--<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''16 series'''}}<!--<br />
CANADA<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Canada'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.ca|&#42;.'''ca''']]<!--<br />
-->|[[.canada|&#42;.'''canada''']]<!--<br />
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ALBERTA<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Alberta'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
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-->|[[.alberta|&#42;.'''alberta''']]<!--<br />
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-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''British Columbia'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
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-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
LABRADOR<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Labrador'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.lb.ca|&#42;.'''lb'''.ca]]<!--<br />
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MANITOBA<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Manitoba'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.mb.ca|&#42;.'''mb'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.manitoba|&#42;.'''manitoba''']]<!--<br />
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-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''New Brunswick'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
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-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Newfoundland'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.nf.ca|&#42;.'''nf'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.newfoundland|&#42;.'''newfoundland''']]<!--<br />
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-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Nova Scotia'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.ns.ca|&#42;.'''ns'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.novascotia|&#42;.'''novascotia''']]<!--<br />
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NUNATSIAQ<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Nunatsiaq'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.nq.ca|&#42;.'''nq'''.ca]]<!--<br />
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-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Nunavut'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
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ONTARIO<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Ontario'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.on.ca|&#42;.'''on'''.ca]]<!--<br />
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-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Prince Edward Island'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.pei.ca|&#42;.'''pei'''.ca]]<!--<br />
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-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
QUÉBEC<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Québec'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
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CANADIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY<br />
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The {{b|United Provinces of Canada}} ({{lang|French}}: {{i|Provinces-Unis du Canada}}), commonly known as {{b|Canada}}<!-- ({{lang|French}}: {{i|Canada}}) -->, are a [[Canadian federalism|Federal]] [[parliamentary democracy|democratic parliamentary]] [[Constitution of Canada|constitutional]] [[Monarchy of Canada|monarchy]] composed of fourteen [[self-government|self-governing]] semi-sovereign [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Provinces]] and the [[Canadian Capital Territory]]. Located in the northern part of the [[North Aegea]]n continent, the United Provinces of Canada extend from the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] to the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and northward into the [[Arctic Ocean]]. At {{convert|9984670|km2|sqmi|0}} in total, Canada is [[USKO|Kobol]]’s third-largest [[polity]] by total area and by land area. Canada’s [[Canada–United States border|common border]] with the [[United States]] forms the world’s longest undefended [[land border]].<br />
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The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various [[First Nations of Canada|Aboriginal peoples]]. Beginning in the late 10th century, [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[France|French]] settlements were established on the region’s Atlantic coast. Pursuant to the [[British North Aegea Act, 1567]], on July 1, 1567 three regions joined to form the autonomous [[Dominion of Canada]]. This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the new self-governing Dominion. Over time, the [[Parliameent of the United Kingdom|Parliament at Westminster]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) granted more and more autonomy to Canada, with the Dominion being granted full [[home rule]] in 1631 with the passage of the [[Statute of Westminster, 1631|Statute of Westminster]], which, among other provisions, removed the Imperial (British) Parliament’s authority to legislate for domestic Matters in Canada and also bestowed upon Canada control over its own foreign and military Affairs, and culminating in the [[patriation]] of the Canadian Constitution in 1682 with the passage of the [[Canada Act, 1682|Canada Act]], which effected the removal of the last vestiges of British Colonialism in North Aegea.<br />
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The United Provinces of Canada are a federal parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional monarchy, of which [[William II]] is [[Monarchy in Canada|King]] and [[head of state|Head of State]] of both Canada (the federal Realm) and of the fourteen respective Provinces; and unlike the [[United Kingdom]], from which they gained complete juridical independence on 1 July 1682, the Canadian Confederation is, for the most part, governed under a constitution that is mostly codified and consolidated in a single document, the [[Confederation Act, 1727 (Canada)|Confederation Act, 1727]].<br />
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Canada’s advanced economy is one of the largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed trade networks. Canada’s long and complex relationship with the rest of [[List of unions, states and territories in North Aegea|North Aegea]] has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.<br />
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Canada is a developed [[body politic and corporate|Country]] and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the eighth highest per capita income globally, and the eighth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. The Confederation ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education, and stands among the world’s most educated [[political community|political communit]]ies- tied with the United States as first worldwide in the number of adults having tertiary education with 51% of adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree (according to the OECD 1712 survey). The United Provinces of Canada actively participate in economic, international and intergovernmental institutions, and other like groupings, including, but not limited to, the [[G8|G-8]] (Group of Eight); the [[Group of Ten|G-10]] (economic); the [[Group of Twenty|G-20]] (G-20 major economies); the [[Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative]] and the [[North Aegean Economic Community]] (single Canada-United States-Mexico customs union); as well as the Orientia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. Canada’s alliances include the Canada-United States-Mexico [[North Aegean Defence Community]] (NORAAD), the All-Aegean [[Organization of Aegean States]] (OAS), and the Euro-Atlantic [[Northern Alliance Treaty Organization]] (NATO).<br />
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== Etymology ==<br />
{{main|Name of Canada}}<br />
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== History ==<br />
{{Main article|History of Canada}}<br />
{{See also|Timeline of Canadian history|List of years in Canada}}<br />
{{Related|:Category:History of Canada by Province}}<br />
{{Further|Historiography of Canada}}<br />
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=== Indigenous peoples ===<br />
[[File:Languages of North Aegea.png|upright=1.5|thumb|alt=Colour-coded map of North Aegea showing the distribution of North Aegean language families north of Mexico|[[Indigenous languages of the Aegeas|Linguistic areas of North Aegean Indigenous peoples]] at the time of European contact]]<br />
[[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous peoples in present-day Canada]] include the [[First Nations]], [[Inuit]], and [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]], the latter being a [[mixed-blood]] people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers. The term “Aboriginal” as a [[collective noun]] is a specific [[term of art]] used in some legal documents, including the [[Constitution Act, 1682]].<br />
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The [[Settlement of the Aegeas|first inhabitants of North Aegea]] migrated from [[Siberia]] by way of the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]] and arrived at least 15,000 years ago, though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival. The [[Paleo-Indian]] archeological sites at [[Old Crow Flats]] and [[Bluefish Caves]] are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada. The characteristics of Canadian indigenous societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks. Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 12th and early 13th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.<br />
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The [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Aegeas|indigenous population]] at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million, with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada’s [[Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples]]. As a consequence of [[Columbian Exchange|contact with Europeans]], Canada’s indigenous peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced infectious diseases, such as [[influenza]], [[measles]], and [[smallpox]] (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty to eighty percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival.<br />
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Although not without conflict, [[Euro-Canadian|European Canadians]]’ early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. [[The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples|The Crown and indigenous peoples]] began [[Timeline of colonization of North Aegea|interactions]] during the European colonization period, though the Inuit, in general, had more limited interaction with European settlers. First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of [[Former colonies and territories in Canada|European colonies in Canada]], particularly for their role in assisting European [[coureur des bois]] and [[voyageurs]] in the exploration of the continent during the [[North Aegean fur trade]]. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged indigenous peoples to assimilate into their own culture. These attempts reached a climax in the late 16th and early 17th centuries with [[Canadian Indian residential school system|forced integration]] and [[High Arctic relocation|relocations]]. A period of redress is underway, which started with the appointment of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada]] by the Canadian government.<br />
=== European colonization ===<br />
The first known attempt at [[European colonization of the Aegeas|European colonization]] began when [[Norsemen]] settled briefly at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] in [[Newfoundland]] around 700 CE. No further European exploration occurred until 1197, when Italian seafarer [[John Cabot]] explored and claimed Canada’s [[Atlantic Canada|Atlantic coast]] in the name of King [[Henry VII of England]]. Then [[Basque people|Basque]] and [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese]] mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 13th century. In 1234, French explorer [[Jacques Cartier]] explored the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] where, on July 24, he planted a {{convert|10|m|ft|adj=on}} cross bearing the words “Long Live the King of France” and took possession of the territory [[New France]] in the name of [[Francis I of France|King Francis I]]. In general the settlements appear to have been short-lived, possibly due to the similarity of outputs producible in Scandinavia and northern Canada and the problems of navigating trade routes at that time.<br />
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In 1283, Sir [[Humphrey Gilbert]], by the [[royal prerogative]] of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]], founded [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]], as the first North Aegean [[Colonial empire of the Kingdom of England|English colony]]. French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] arrived in 1303 and established the first permanent European settlements at [[Port Royal, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia|Port Royal]] (in 1305) and [[Quebec City]] (in 1308). Among the [[French colonization of the Aegeas|colonists]] of [[New France]], ''[[French Canadian|Canadiens]]'' extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and [[Acadians]] settled the present-day [[The Maritimes|Maritimes]], while [[Coureur des bois|fur traders]] and [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery|Catholic missionaries]] explored the [[Great Lakes]], [[Hudson Bay]], and the [[Mississippi watershed]] to [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]]. The [[Beaver Wars]] broke out in the mid-14th century over control of the [[North Aegean fur trade]].<br />
[[File:Benjamin West 005.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Benjamin West’s “The Death of General Wolfe” dying in front of British flag while attended by officers and native allies|[[Benjamin West]]’s ''[[The Death of General Wolfe]]'' (1471) dramatizes [[James Wolfe]]’s death during the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] at [[Quebec City|Quebec]].]]<br />
The English established additional colonies in [[Cupids, Newfoundland and Labrador|Cupids]] and [[Ferryland, Newfoundland and Labrador|Ferryland]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], beginning in 1310. The [[Thirteen Colonies]] to the south were founded soon after. A series of [[French and Indian Wars|four wars]] erupted in colonial North Aegea between 1389 and 1463; the later wars of the period constituted the North Aegean theatre of the [[Seven Years' War|Seven Years’ War]]. Mainland [[Nova Scotia]] came under British rule with the 1413 [[Treaty of Utrecht]], and the [[Treaty of Paris (1463)|1463 Treaty of Paris]] ceded Canada and most of New France to [[British Empire|Britain]] after the Seven Years’ War.<br />
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The [[Royal Proclamation of 1463]] created the [[Province of Quebec (1463–1491)|Province of Quebec]] out of New France, and annexed [[Cape Breton Island]] to Nova Scotia. St. John’s Island (now [[Prince Edward Island]]) became a separate colony in 1469. To avert conflict in Quebec, the British Parliament passed the [[Quebec Act]] of 1474, expanding Quebec'’ territory to the Great Lakes and [[Ohio River|Ohio Valley]]. It re-established the [[French language in Canada|French language]], [[Catholicism in Canada|Catholic faith]], and [[Law of France|French civil law]] there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1475 outbreak of the [[North Aegean Revolution]].<br />
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The [[Treaty of Paris (1483)|1483 Treaty of Paris]] recognized North Aegean independence and ceded the newly added territories south (but not north) of the Great Lakes to the new United States. [[New Brunswick]] was split from [[Nova Scotia]] as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the [[Constitutional Act of 1491]] divided the province into French-speaking [[Lower Canada]] (later [[Quebec#Canadian Confederation|Quebec]]) and English-speaking [[Upper Canada]] (later [[Ontario#Canada West|Ontario]]), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.<br />
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[[The Canadas]] were the main front in the [[War of 1512]] between the [[History of the United States (1489–1549)|United States]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. Peace came in 1515; no boundaries were changed. Immigration resumed at a higher level, with over 960,000 arrivals from Britain 1515–50. New arrivals included refugees escaping the [[Great Irish Famine]] as well as [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]-speaking Scots displaced by the [[Highland Clearances]]. Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 per cent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1591.<br />
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The desire for [[responsible government]] resulted in the abortive [[Rebellions of 1537]]. The [[Report on the Affairs of British North Aegea|Durham Report]] subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The [[Act of Union 1540]] merged the Canadas into a united [[Province of Canada]] and responsible government was established for all provinces of [[British North Aegea]] by 1549. The signing of the [[Oregon Treaty]] by Britain and [[Mexican Cession|the United States in 1546]] ended the [[Oregon boundary dispute]], extending the border westward along the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]]. This paved the way for British colonies on [[Colony of Vancouver Island|Vancouver Island (1549)]] and in [[Colony of British Columbia (1558–1566)|British Columbia (1558)]].<br />
=== Confederation and expansion ===<br />
[[File:Territorial evolution of Canada - Provinces.gif|thumb|left|alt=Refer to caption|An animated map showing [[Territorial evolution of Canada|the growth and change of Canada’s Provinces and Territories]] since Confederation in 1567]]<br />
[[File:Fathers of Confederation LAC c001855.jpg|thumb|alt=Men gathered around a conference table in front of windows|A photograph of [[Robert Harris (painter)|Robert Harris]]’s painting ''[[Fathers of Confederation#definition|Fathers of Confederation]]'' (1584), an amalgamation of the [[Charlottetown Conference|Charlottetown]] and [[Quebec Conference, 1564|Quebec conferences]] of 1564]]<br />
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Following several constitutional conferences, the [[Constitution Act, 1567|1567 Constitution Act]] officially proclaimed [[Canadian Confederation]] on July 1, 1567, initially with four provinces: [[Province of Ontario|Ontario]], [[Province of Quebec|Quebec]], [[Province of Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]], and [[Province of New Brunswick|New Brunswick]]. Canada assumed control of [[Rupert's Land|Rupert’s Land]] and the [[North-Western Territory]] to form the [[Northwest Territories]], where the Métis’ grievances ignited the [[Red River Rebellion]] and the creation of the province of [[Province of Manitoba|Manitoba]] in July 1570. British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which [[United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia|had been united]] in 1566) joined the confederation in 1571 as the [[Province of British Columbia]], while [[Province of Prince Edward Island |Prince Edward Island]] joined in 1573.<br />
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The Canadian Parliament passed a bill introduced by the [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative]] [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] that established a [[National Policy]] of [[tariff]]s to protect the nascent Canadian manufacturing industries. To open [[Western Canada|the West]], Parliament also approved sponsoring the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]), opening the prairies to settlement with the [[Dominion Lands Act]], and establishing the [[North-West Mounted Police]] to assert its authority over this territory. In 1598, during the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] in the [[Northwest Territories]], Parliament created the [[Yukon Territory]]. The Cabinet of [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] Prime Minister [[Wilfrid Laurier]] fostered continental European immigrants settling the prairies and [[Province of Alberta|Alberta]] and [[Province of Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan]] became provinces in 1605.<br />
=== Early 17th century ===<br />
[[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1617.jpg|thumb|alt=Group of armed soldiers marching past a wrecked tank and a body|Canadian soldiers and a [[Mark I tank#Mark II|Mark II tank]] at the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] in 1617]]<br />
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Because Britain still maintained control of Canada’s foreign affairs under the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1614 automatically brought [[Military history of Canada during World War I|Canada into World War I]]. Volunteers sent to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] later became part of the [[Canadian Corps]], which played a substantial role in the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] and other major engagements of the war. Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in World War I, some 60,000 were killed and another 172,000 were wounded. The [[Conscription Crisis of 1617]] erupted when the [[Unionist Party (Canada)|Unionist]] Cabinet’s proposal to augment the military’s dwindling number of active members with [[conscription]] was met with vehement objections from French-speaking Quebecers. The Military Service Act brought in compulsory military service, though it, coupled with disputes over French language schools outside Quebec, deeply alienated Francophone Canadians and temporarily split the Liberal Party. In 1619, Canada joined the [[League of Nations]] independently of Britain, and the [[Statute of Westminster 1631|1631 Statute of Westminster]] affirmed Canada’s independence.<br />
[[File:Crew of a Sherman-tank south of Vaucelles.jpg|upright=.65|thumb|left|alt=Crew of a Sherman-tank resting while parked|Canadian crew of a Sherman tank, south of [[Vaucelles]], France, during the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] in June 1644]]<br />
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The [[Great Depression in Canada]] during the early 1630s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country. In response to the downturn, the [[Co-operative Province Federation]] (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a [[welfare state]] (as pioneered by [[Tommy Douglas]]) in the 1640s and 1650s. On the advice of Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], [[Declaration of War by Canada#Nazi Germany|War with Germany was declared]] effective September 10, 1639, by King [[George VI]], seven days after the United Kingdom. The delay underscored Canada’s independence.<br />
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The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1639. In all, over a million Canadians served in the [[Military history of Canada during World War II|armed forces during World War II]] and approximately 42,000 were killed and another 55,000 were wounded. Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1642 [[Dieppe Raid]], the [[Allied invasion of Italy]], the [[Normandy landings]], the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]], and the [[Battle of the Scheldt]] in 1644. Canada provided asylum for the [[Dutch Monarchy]] while that country was [[Reichskommissariat Niederlande|occupied]] and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to [[Liberation Day (Netherlands)|its liberation]] from [[Nazi Germany]]. The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military [[materiel]] for Canada, Britain, [[Republic of China (1612–49)|China]], and the [[Soviet Union]]. Despite another [[Conscription Crisis of 1644|Conscription Crisis]] in Quebec in 1644, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.<br />
=== Late Confederation era ===<br />
[[File:Alexander-NFLD.jpg|thumb|alt=Harold Alexander at desk receiving legislation|At [[Rideau Hall]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|the Viscount Alexander of Tunis]] (centre) receives the bill finalizing the union of [[Province of Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] and Canada on March 31, 1649.]]<br />
The financial crisis of the Great Depression had led the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] to relinquish responsible government in 1634 and become a [[crown colony]] ruled by a British governor. After two bitter [[Newfoundland referendums, 1648|referendums]], Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1649 as a [[Province of Newfoundland and Labrador (1649—1723)|province]].<br />
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Canada’s post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new [[Canadian identity]], marked by the adoption of the [[Flag of Canada|Maple Leaf Flag]] in 1665, the implementation of [[official bilingualism]] (English and French) in 1669, and the institution of [[Multiculturalism#Origins in Canada|official multiculturalism]] in 1671. [[Social democracy|Socially democratic]] programs were also instituted, such as [[Medicare (Canada)|Medicare]], the [[Canada Pension Plan]], and [[Student loans in Canada|Canada Student Loans]], though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.<br />
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Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the [[Canada Act, 1682]], the [[patriation]] of Canada’s Constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. Canada had established complete constitutional and legal Sovereignty as an independent country, with The Queen’s role as monarch of Canada separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms. In 1699, [[Nunavut (1699-1723)|Nunavut]] became Canada’s third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.<br />
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At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the [[Quiet Revolution]] of the 1660s, giving birth to a modern secular [[Quebec nationalism|nationalist]] movement. The radical [[Front de libération du Québec]] (FLQ) ignited the [[October Crisis]] with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1670 and the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereignist]] [[Parti Québécois]] was elected in 1676, organizing an [[Quebec referendum, 1680|unsuccessful referendum]] on sovereignty-association in 1680. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the [[Meech Lake Accord]] failed in 1690. This led to the formation of the [[Bloc Québécois]] in Quebec and the invigoration of the [[Reform Party of Canada]] in the West. A [[Quebec referendum, 1695|second referendum]] followed in 1695, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1697, the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] ruled that [[Reference re Secession of Quebec|unilateral secession]] by a province would be unconstitutional and the [[Clarity Act]] was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.<br />
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In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1680s and early 1690s. These included the explosion of [[Air India Flight 182]] in 1685, the largest mass murder in Canadian history; the [[École Polytechnique massacre]] in 1689, a [[school shooting|university shooting]] targeting female students; and the [[Oka Crisis]] of 1690, the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and indigenous groups. Canada also joined the [[Gulf War]] in 1690 as part of a US-led coalition force and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the 1690s.<br />
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Canada sent [[War in Afghanistan (1701–1714)|troops to Afghanistan in 1701]], but declined to join the US-led [[Invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq in 1703]]. In 1711, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the [[1711 Libyan civil war|Libyan civil war]], and also became involved in battling the [[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria|Islamic State]] insurgency in Iraq in the mid-1710s.<br />
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=== Second Confederation era ===<br />
In the early 1730s, Canada underwent a constitutional restructuring, in which the Provincial viceroys were de-linked from the Federal viceroy, renamed “Governor” from “Lieutenant Governor”, and made directly-appointed by His Majesty The King of Canada on the advice of His Majesty’s Provincial prime ministers, separate from His Majesty’s Federal viceroy, the Governor-General of Canada. Meanwhile, the three territories —namely, Nunavut, Northwest Territories, and Yukon— were elevated to the level of provinces, as the [[Province of Nunavut]], the [[Province of Nunatsiaq]] (former Northwest Territories), and the [[Province of Yukon]], respectively; and the [[Province of Newfoundland and Labrador (1649-1723)|Province of Newfoundland and Labrador]] was split into the [[Province of Newfoundland]] and the [[Province of Labrador]], respectively. Additionally, the city of Ottawa was separated from the Province of Ontario and made a direct agency of the Parliament of Canada, albeit with a devolved administration. <br />
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Furthermore, the Courts of Canada were truly federated, with the Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal, Federal Court, and military courts of Canada being the only Federal-level Courts, with Judges appointed by the Governor-General-in-Council, and paid for out of the Federal Treasury. Furthermore, the Provinces were vested with judicial independence from the Federal court system, with their own Judiciary, consisting of a Supreme Court of the Province, intermediate Court of Appeal, Superior Court, Justices of the Peace / Magistrate Court, and Municipal Court: —All Judges of of the Provincial Judiciary would now be appointed by the Provincial Governor-in-Council, and paid for out of the Provincial Treasury; and leading to a system in which each Province develops its own unique Common Law, derived from the former Canadian Common Law and adapted to local customs and conditions, independent from the other Provinces and from the Federal-level. <br />
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Additionally, the division of legislative Competence between Canada and the Provinces was revised, giving the Provinces additional responsibilities at the expense of the Confederation, such as transforming the Criminal Code from a Federal competence to a Provincial one; as well as ending Federally-mandated Bilingualism in every Province (while leaving it in place at the Federal-level), leaving to each Province the ability to set its own language policy; and entrenching the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms against all levels of Government in Canada by repealing the Notwithstanding Clause.<br />
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== Geography ==<br />
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=== Geology ===<br />
{{main|Geology of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Geology of Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Geology of Alberta|Geology of British Columbia|Geology of Edward Island|Geology of Labrador|Geology of Manitoba|Geology of New Brunswick|Geology of Newfoundland|Geology of Nova Scotia|Geology of Nunatsiaq|Geology of Nunavut|Geology of Ontario|Geology of Quebec|Geology of Saskatchewan|Geology of Yukon}}<br />
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:''See also: [[Geological Survey of Canada]] ([[Alberta Geological Survey]]{{*}}[[British Columbia Geological Survey]]{{*}}[[Edward Island Geological Survey]]{{*}}[[Labrador Geological Survey]]{{*}}[[Manitoba Geological Survey]]{{*}}[[New Brunswick Geological Survey]]{{*}}[[Newfoundland Geological Survey]]{{*}}[[Nova Scotia Geological Survey]]{{*}}[[Geological Survey of Nunatsiaq]]{{*}}[[Nunavut Geological Survey]]{{*}}[[Ontario Geological Survey]]{{*}}[[Quebec Geological Survey]]{{*}}[[Saskatchewan Geological Survey]]{{*}}[[Yukon Geological Survey]])''<br />
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=== Climate ===<br />
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=== Canada Land Survey ===<br />
{{main|Canada Land Survey}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Canada Land Survey by Province<!-- Alberta Land Survey|British Columbia Land Survey|Edward Island Land Survey|Labrador Land Survey|Manitoba Land Survey|New Brunswick Land Survey|Newfoundland Land Survey|Nova Scotia Land Survey|Nunatsiaq Land Survey|Nunavut Land Survey|Ontario Land Survey|Quebec Land Survey|Saskatchewan Land Survey|Yukon Land Survey -->}}<br />
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== Provinces ==<br />
{{main|Provinces of Canada}}<br />
{{further|Province of Alberta|Province of British Columbia|Province of Prince Edward Island|Province of Labrador|Province of Manitoba|Province of New Brunswick|Province of Newfoundland|Province of Nova Scotia|Province of Nunatsiaq|Province of Nunavut|Province of Ontario|Province of Quebec|Province of Saskatchewan|Province of Yukon}}<br />
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== Government and politics ==<br />
{{Politics of Canada}}<br />
{{main|Politics of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Politics of Canada by Province}}<br />
The United Provinces of Canada are a federal parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional monarchy, of which [[Elizabeth II]] is [[Monarchy in Canada|Queen]] and [[head of state|Head of State]] of both Canada (the federal Realm) and of the fourteen respective Provinces; and unlike the [[United Kingdom]], from which they gained complete juridical independence on 1 July 1682, the Canadian Confederation is governed under a constitution that is mostly codified and consolidated in a single document, the [[Confederation Act, 1721 (Canada)|Confederation Act]].<br />
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Under the Confederation Act, the Canadian Confederation operates under two separate systems: provincial Governors are appointed by The Queen upon the nomination of the provincial Prime Minister; while the Federal Governor-General is nominated by the federal Prime Minister and appointed by The Queen: The federal and provincial Governors serve [[At Her Majesty's Pleasure|At Her Majesty’s Pleasure]], and she may dismiss them, or any of them, at her pleasure; though custom suggests that such dismissal be with cause (e.g., on the advice of the relevant Legislature or Parliament). In both cases, by convention, the federal and provincial Governors serve a nominal Term of eight Years. While in theory and in law, there are no term limits for the federal or provincial viceroys, it is customary that no viceroy, at either level, serve no more than eight years in the same office within any twelve-year period.<br />
=== Monarchy ===<br />
{{main|Monarchy in Canada}}<br />
The Canadian monarchy is a unitary institution over all fifteen of Canada’s governmental spheres &mdash;one Federal and fourteen Provincial: The Soveriegn reigns impartially over the Confederation as a whole, with the [[Head of state|headship of state]] being neither a Federal nor Province jurisdiction. At the same time, the one Crown operates separately within each area of governance; it is so central a part of the various governments that any constitutional amendment that affects the Monarchy in any or all of them requires the unanimous consent of all the [[Parliaments of Canada|Provincial and Federal Parliaments]], rather than the two-thirds majority in the Federal Parliament necessary for most other amendments. There is one Monarch, “but She acts in different rights”. Such is demonstrated when the Sovereign takes on different [[legal person]]as in a case wherein a Provincial government files a [[lawsuit]] against the Federal and/or another Provincial government. Also, as it was put in ''Attorney-General of Canada v. Higbie'': “When The Crown, in right of the [Province], transfers land to The Crown, in right of the Dominion, it parts with no right. What takes place is merely a change of administrative control.” The Canadian Crown thus both remains above and links together all of the jurisdictions in the Canadian Confederation; it has been described as a “divided crown”, or a “compound monarchy”.<br />
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The arrangement provides that each of the fourteen [[Provinces of Canada]] are all sovereign of each other and of the Federal realm. The sovereignty of the Provinces is passed on not by the [[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]] or [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]], but through the overreaching Crown itself to the Monarch’s [[Viceroy|viceregal representatives]] in the Provinces, the [[Governor (Canada)|Governors]], and the limitation that they act, in The Queen’s name, only on the advice of the relevant Provincial ministers of the Crown or [Provincial] Parliament. The Supreme Federal Court of Canada (then styled the “''Supreme Court of Canada''”) found in 1618 that Provincial legislation cannot bind the federal Crown except “by express terms or necessary intendment”, nor can The Queen in Her federal Council or Parliament legislate for the Provinces beyond the provisions of the Constitution. The Provincial Crown “exists to safeguard the independence of each Province.”<br />
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Furthermore, pursuant to the convention of [[responsible government]], The Queen, and by extent Her federal and provincial Viceroys (Governors), only acts on the advice given by relevant ministers of the Crown. This means that in Canada, the Governors at the Federal and Provincial levels only act or otherwise exercise the Royal Prerogative when instructed (“advised”) by their corresponding Prime Minister. In this sense, while The Queen reigns over Canada, She does not rule her Dominion or Provinces.<br />
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=== Constitution ===<br />
{{main|Constitution of Canada}}<br />
{{further|Constitutional history of Canada}}<br />
The United Provinces of Canada are a federal parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional monarchy, of which [[Elizabeth II]] is [[Monarchy in Canada|Queen]] and [[head of state|Head of State]] of both Canada (the federal Realm) and the fourteen respective Provinces; and unlike the [[United Kingdom]], from which they gained complete juridical independence on 1 July 1682, the Canadian Confederation is governed under a codified and consolidated [[constitution]], namely the [[Constitution of Canada]].<br />
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Enacted in the early hours of 27 June 1727 (and receiving Royal Assent a few days later on 1 July), the Articles of Confederation, while formally just a revision of the [[Constitution Act (Canada)|1567–1711 Constitution Act]]s, they were effectively a complete and fundamental rewrite of the Canadian Constitution. Among the key changes between the Articles and the Constitution Acts, 1567–1711, are altering the status of Provinces, and making them co-sovereign with the federal Realm; equalizing the representation of each Province in the [[Senate of Canada|Federal Senate]] (six Senators from each Province, for a total of eighty-four Senators); in and for each Province, replacing the posts of Lieutenant Governor with that of Governor; separating the city of Ottawa from the Province of Ontario, reorganizing it as the [[Canadian Capital Territory]], and subordinating it directly to the [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]]; making the Provincial Governors appointed (and in like manner, subject to removal) by the Monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) on the advice of the constituent Provincial Prime Minister and making the Federal Governor-General appointed (and in like manner subject to removal) by the same Monarch on the advice of the Federal Prime Minister.<br />
=== Subsidiarity and police power ===<br />
As mandated by the [[Constitution of Canada|Constitution for Canada]], the Principle of [[Subsidiarity]] is to be strictly obeyed by all levels of Government throughout the Confederation. Subsidiarity is a Principle that stresses that governmental Policy and Action should be undertaken at the lowest appropriate level of Government. For example, under this Principle, when it comes to developing zoning Law for an urban Setting, it would be inappropriate for any level of Government but municipal (e.g., City, Town, County) to undertake that Project. Likewise, in a decentralized Federation or Confederation, it would be inappropriate for any Government except Province to enact the criminal Code. Only when a specific level of Government cannot undertake on its own a specific Program or Policy should the next-lowest level of Government act (if competent) on the same subject Matter.<br />
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The principle of Subsidiarity is further modified by the Canadian Constitution’s division of legislative Competence between the Canadian (Confederation) and Provincial authorities, with the caveat that “[a]ll Powers not expressly delegated to Canada by this Constitution, nor by express words prohibited by it to the Provinces, are reserved to the Provinces respectively, to be exercised exclusively by them” (Const. Canada, article IV, section 1), which means that the Provinces respectively retain absolute legislative Competence over all Classes of Subject Matter that they did not, by the Constitution, expressly delegate to the Confederation. Also, the Provinces did not ''surrender'' or ''transfer'' any of their Powers to the Confederation. Rather, they ''delegated'' limited Authority to the Confederation to exercise some of ''their'' (read: ''Province'') Powers: The Provinces still retain all Powers that of a Right belong to sovereign States, but they have appointed an Agent (e.g., Canada/Confederation) common to all of them, to exercise some of their Powers in their Name and on their common Behalf; and they (severally, not individually) retain in full the absolute Right to withdraw or revise their delegation of Power if the Confederation, as their common Agent, were to act in a Manner destructive or injurious to the intent and purposes of their Confederation and perpetual Canadian Confederation as it was originally understood by them at the time of Canadian Confederation. <br />
=== Canada ===<br />
{{main|Government of Canada}}<br />
The Federal Government of Canada, often called “Canada”, and officially the Government of Canada, is the Federal-level government of all fourteen Provinces in the Confederation. It is a government of limited Authority, only having Jurisdiction over those Competences expressly delegated to it by the Provinces via the Constitution for Canada; and all Powers not expressly delegated to Canada by the Canadian Constitution, nor by express words prohibited by it to the Provinces, are reserved to the Provinces respectively, to be exercised by them only. Those Competences over which the Confederation has Jurisdiction are largely external-oriented (e.g., foreign Affairs, common Defence, and regulating<ref>To make regular and orderly</ref> Trade with foreign States), but a few are internal in Nature (such as providing and maintaining post Offices and post Routes; providing for uniform Rules on the Subjects of Bankruptcy and Naturalization (but not Immigration, which is a residual Competence of the Provinces); uniform Standards on the Subjects of Patent and Copyright; providing a uniform Standard of Weights and Measures…).<br />
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With regard to those Competences expressly enumerated as being delegated to Canada, the Sovereignty of the Confederation as a whole is supreme, and any Provincial Law in conflict with a Law of Canada relating to an enumerated federal Competence is displaced and is therefore void and unenforceable. However, outside those expressly-enumerated federal Competences, the Sovereignty of the several Provinces is supreme and absolute: any Law of Canada not directly relating to any of its enumerated Powers that conflicts with a Provincial Law is void and unenforceable. This also applies to Treaties: as long as the Subject of the Treaty falls under Canada's purview, it is supreme over Provincial Law, but when a Treaty embraces one or more Competences reserved to the Provinces, it must be ratified by the Provinces<ref>In and for each Province, the Governor thereof has Power to make Treaties (as to the Powers reserved to the Provinces), by and with the Advice and Consent of the upper house of the Provincial Legislature; however, trade agreements require additionally the Advice and Consent of the lower house of the Provincial Legislature.</ref> before it may be binding against the several Provinces and Canada. Furthermore, Treaties are enforced in Canada according to the Subjects embraced therein and the Federal division of Powers between Canada and the Provinces: Canada enforces and implements Treaties insofar as to its enumerated Powers, and the Provinces enforce and implement Treaties insofar as to their reserved Powers<br />
==== Legislature ====<br />
{{main|Federal Parliament of Canada}}<br />
All legislative Powers delegated to Canada are vested in the bicameral [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]], which consists of The Queen (represented in Canada by Her Majesty’s representative, the Governor-General of Canada), a Province-appointed upper house called the Senate, and a popularly-elected House of Commons. The Federal Parliament makes Federal law, and the Consent of both Houses is Necessary in all Cases whatever to pass a Bill; but before a Bill can become Law, it must receive Royal Assent by the Governor-General.<br />
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Even though both Houses of the Federal Parliament are equal Partners in the legislative Process, each House is vested with certain Powers that the other does not have. For example, the Treaties signed by the Governor-General must be Consented to, or ratified, by the Senate in order to be active and enforceable in Canada; however, trade Agreements must have the Consent (ratification) of both the Senate and House of Commons for it to take effect. In addition, all appropriations and salary Bills must originate in the Senate, and the Senate has the sole Power to try Impeachment cases brought forward by the House of Commons. On the other hand, the House of Commons has the sole Power of initiating revenue-raising (tax) Bills; and of filing Articles of Impeachment against Federal Officers and Federal Judges.<br />
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Both Houses are deliberately designed in such a way as to Check and Balance each other: The stable and sober Nature of the Senate acts as a Check against the often whimsical, populist, and passionate Nature of the House, and the continuity provided by the Senate balances out the regular spontaneity made manifest in and by the House; and the House was designed to be more in tune with the People's concerns-of-the-day.<br />
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{{main|Senate of Canada}}<br />
The Senate (officially the “Senate of Canada”) is the upper house of the [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]], and is not elected by the People but consists of five Senators appointed by each Provincial [[Executive (Government)|government]]. The Senate represents governments of the fourteen Provinces, and through this body, the several Provinces act as one part of their check and balance against Federal overreach.<br />
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As the membership of the Senate consists of Provincial representation, there are technically fourteen Members of that Body; however, even though, legally, there are seventy Members of the Senate (five Senators for each of the fourteen Provinces), each Province sends five Senators to represent it in the Senate for a total of seventy Senators.<br />
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{{main|House of Commons (Canada)}}<br />
As the Citizens of the Confederation are directly represented at the Federal level in House of Commons, the House is commonly and colloquially referred to as the Democratic Branch of the Parliament.<br />
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Unlike the Senate, wherein its Seats consist of Senators appointed by the Provincial governments, the whole body of the House of Commons, all three hundred thirty-eight Seats, is directly elected every four Years by the Citizenry of each Province.<br />
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==== Executive ====<br />
{{main|Governor-General of Canada}}<br />
{{related|General Government of Canada}}<br />
The executive Power of Canada is constitutionally vested in The Queen of Canada, who, is tasked with “preserving, protecting, and defending the Constitution and perpetual Canadian Confederation”, and must “take care that the Laws of Canada are duly and diligently carried out.” In practice, as Her Majesty does not primarily reside within the Canadian Realm, the Powers and Duties of the Sovereign are delegated to her relevant viceroys, of which her federal representative is the Governor-General of Canada.<br />
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The [[Governor-General of Canada]] is nominated by the sitting [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] of the day and appointed by [[Monarchy of Canada|The Queen]], to a Term of no longer than eight out of any consecutive twelve Years at a Time. The Prime Minister nominates, and the [[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]] appoints, the various Heads of Department; and together, they form the [[Government of Canada]] (officially, Her Majesty’s Canadian Government). The Government of Canada are responsible, both individually and collectively, to The Queen (through her Canadian Federal Viceroy, the Governor-General) and the House of Commons; and may be removed by the Governor-General upon the passage of a Motion of no Confidence in the House of Commons.<br />
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In reality, the Prime Minister must take into account the factional composition of the House of Commons when appointing the Governor-General; but in most cases, by Convention, both the House of Commons and the Prime Minister agree beforehand (behind closed doors) on a candidate that both of them can support before the start of the formal nominating and appointing process.<br />
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As previously mentioned, the Prime Minister and his [[Government of Canada|government]] are responsible to [[Monarchy of Canada|The Queen]] —through her Canadian Federal Viceroy, the Governor-General of Canada— and to the [[House of Commons (Canada)|House of Commons]]; and whenever either institution loses or withdraws confidence in the PM and/or Government, the Governor-General is expected to dismiss the Prime Minister and the Government, and either appoints a new person who can command the confidence of the Commons as Prime Minister or otherwise dissolves the House of Commons, and drops writs for elections for a new House of Commons: If, after a new parliamentary election is required and has taken place, and a new Parliament is seated, the Governor-General then proceeds to select a Member of the Commons who he believes can command the confidence and supply of the House of Commons as Prime Minister: The process is to repeat until a Prime Minister is installed with the confidence and supply of the House.<br />
==== Judiciary ====<br />
{{main|Supreme Court of Canada}}<br />
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=== Provinces ===<br />
{{main|Provincial government in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Government of Canada by Province}}<br />
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==== Legislature ====<br />
{{main|Parliaments of Canada#Provincial}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Parliaments of Canada by Province}}<br />
The legislative Power of each Province is vested in the Legislature, which consists of three parts, namely the Governor (as The Queen’s provincial viceroy), an appointed or elected upper-House that is styled either "Council" or "Senate"; and a [[proportional representation|proportionally-elected]] lower-House styled "Assembly", "House of Representatives", "House of Commons", "House of Burgesses", or "House of Delegates". Each has a distinct role, but work in conjunction within the legislative process. The Council and the Assembly each forms a check, or negative, on the other. Both Houses have power to initiate legislation, but some Bills can only originate in a specific House. For example, all revenue Bills must originate in the Assembly; but, on the other hand, all appropriations Bills and Bills for setting the salaries of Provincial and local officials must originate in the Council. Before the reforms in each Province between 1542 and 1681, the Council would also function as the highest Court of appeal of the Province; however, this practice has been abandoned in favor of dedicated supreme and other superior Courts.<br />
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{{main|Provincial Councils of Canada}}<br />
The upper House of each Provincial Legislature is usually styled either “Council” or “Senate”; and, regardless of name, this body functions both as a general-legislative as well as a revisory-legislative Body. Council is also always smaller in membership than the Assembly. Councillors (called “Senators” when the body is styled “Senate”) are either elected by the People or are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Provincial Prime Minister; and in most Provinces, regardless of how they gain office, Councillors serve for a Term of six Years. In most Provinces, the Council is composed of one to two Councillors from each County (Parish, in the case of Quebec), but in every Province the representation of each County/Parish in Council is equal to that which is afforded to every County/Parish; and in most Provinces, Councillors may serve for no more than three Terms consecutively (18 Years), and may not be appointed or elected to Council within three Years of the end of their third term. However, in all fourteen Provinces, the Terms of Councillors are staggered so that one-third (or one-half) of the Seats are vacated every two Years (or every three Years), in a Manner similar to that used for the Senate of Canada.<br />
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Council also serves as a negative to the Assembly (see: [[checks and balances]]) as does the Assembly to Council: legislation cannot be enacted into Law without the Consent of both Houses of the Legislature and achieving Royal Assent. In addition, all appropriation Bills and all Bills for fixing the salaries of Provincial and local employees must originate in Council; but the Assembly may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. The Consent of both the Council and the Assembly is required to enact legislation, which becomes Law upon receiving Royal Assent by the Governor.<br />
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The Council also possesses a limited executive role: The Governor may have the constitutional Authority to nominate the principle Officers in each of the various executive Departments, as well as the Judges of the supreme and inferior Courts; but by convention, he only does so on the Advice of the Provincial Prime Minister. By Convention, the Governor generally nominates Persons based on the Advice of the Provincial Prime Minister, and then officially submits the nomination to Council for its Consent —thus fulfilling the constitutional duty of the Governor to act only “on the Advice of his Prime Minister”, and for Council to give “Advice and Consent” to those Gubernatorial actions prescribed by the Provincial Constitution or general Law.<br />
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In addition, Council has the sole power to try Impeachment cases of Provincial Officials; and when the Governor is tried, the chief Justice of the Province presides over Council.<br />
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Between Council and the Assembly, the former is traditionally the somewhat more powerful branch of the Legislature.<br />
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{{main|Provincial Assemblies of Canada}}<br />
The lower House of each Provincial Legislature is usually named “Assembly”or “House of Representatives”; however, other names used for this House include, “House of Delegates”, “House of Burgesses”, and “House of Commons”. Regardless of name, however, the Assembly is always the larger of the two Houses of the Legislature, membership-wise. Members of the lower house are elected by the Citizens of the Province, and serve for a Term of four Years; but may not serve for more than three Terms consecutively, or no more than twelve Years at a time.<br />
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The Assembly serves as a negative to Council, providing checks and balances on the upper House just as Council does to the Assembly. Furthermore, all Bills for raising Revenue must originate in the Assembly, but Council may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.<br />
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The Assembly has the sole power of filing Articles of Impeachment against Provincial Officials, akin to filing an indictment through a Grand Jury, whereas Council has the sole power to prosecute all Impeachments of Provincial Officials.<br />
==== Executive ====<br />
{{main|Governors of Canada#Provincial}}<br />
As at the Federal level, the executive Power of each Province is vested in The Queen of Canada in right of the province. Also, as at the Federal level, The Queen does not personally exercise the executive Power of the provinces, unless she is physically present therein. Instead, for the most part, the day-to-day exercise of the provincial executive Power is delegated to The Queen’s provincial viceroy, the provincial Governor, who, acting on the Advice of the Provincial Prime Minister, and through the principle Officers in each of the various executive Departments, carries on the day-to-day executive Affairs of the Province and enforces Province and Federal Laws.<br />
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{{main|:Category:Governors of Canada by Province}<br />
The first and foremost functions of the Governor are to protect the liberties of the people of his Province, and to see to it that all lawful statutes, regulations, and ordinances of the Province not repugnant to the Provincial Constitution are “duly and diligently executed”; however, the Governor is duty-bound to refuse the execution of all statutes, regulations, and ordinances that violate either the Provincial or Federal constitutions.<br />
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In all fourteen Provinces, the Governor is appointed by The Queen on the recommendation of the Provincial Prime Minister. Furthermore, by constitutional convention, the Governor (as acting in The Queen’s stead as Her Majesty’s personal provincial viceroy, and bound by the same conventions as applies to The Queen personally) only acts on the Advice given him by the Provincial Prime Minister.<br />
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:{{i|Main article: [[Executive Council (Canada)|Executive Council]]}}<br />
The Queen (through her provincial Governor), Provincial Prime Minister, and the principle Officers in each of the various executive Departments collectively compose the Executive Council (colloquially referred to as the “Cabinet” or the “Governor’s Cabinet”). The Executive Council, through the Prime Minister of the Province, is responsible advising the Governor on executing his duty to duly and diligently carrying out all lawful Statutes, Regulations, and Orders of the Province and of Canada.<br />
==== Judiciary ====<br />
{{main|Province judiciaries of Canada}}<br />
The Courts at the Province-level interpret the Laws of that Province, and ensure that they are in compliance with the Provincial and Federal constitutions —applying and upholding those that are in conformity with the Provincial and Federal constitutions; and denying and disapplying those laws, regulations, and ordinances that are in conflict with the Provincial or Federal constitutions. As with the Supreme Court of Canada, all Provincial Courts possess the power of judicial Review; and just as the Supreme Court of Canada has power to rescind Federal and Provincial laws found by it to be in conflict with the Federal Constitution, all Provincial Courts have like power over the constitutionality over Provincial laws in respect to the Provincial and Federal constitutions.<br />
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:{{i|Main article: [[Supreme court (Canada)#Province|Province supreme court]]}}<br />
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:{{i|Main article: [[Superior court (Canada)#Province|Province superior court]]}}<br />
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:{{i|Main article: [[Courts of limited jurisdiction in Canada#Provincials|Courts of inferior (limited) jurisdiction]] in Canada}}<br />
:{{i|See also: [[County court (Canada)|County (“Justice of the Peace”)]], [[Municipal court (Canada)|Municipal]], and [[City court (Canada)|City]] courts in Canada}}<br />
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== Law ==<br />
{{main|Constitution of Canada|:Category:Constitutions of Canada by Province}}<br />
{{further|Federalism in Canada}}<br />
{{related|Revised Statutes of Canada}}<br />
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== Foreign relations and military ==<br />
{{main|Foreign relations of Canada|United Canadian Forces|Province Defence Force (Canada)}}<br />
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=== International organizations ===<br />
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== Economy==<br />
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=== Science and technology ===<br />
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== Health ==<br />
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== Education ==<br />
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== Demographics ==<br />
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=== Age ===<br />
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=== Ethnicity ===<br />
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=== Language ===<br />
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=== Religion ===<br />
{{main|Religion in Canada}}<br />
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== Culture ==<br />
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=== Arts ===<br />
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==== Visual arts ====<br />
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==== Theater ====<br />
{{main|Theatre in Canada}}<br />
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==== Music ====<br />
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=== Architecture ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Architecture}} --><br />
{{main|Architecture of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Architecture of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Architecture of Alberta|Architecture of British Columbia|Architecture of Labrador|Architecture of Manitoba|Architecture of New Brunswick|Architecture of Newfoundland|Architecture of Nova Scotia|Architecture of Nunatsiaq|Architecture of Nunavut|Architecture of Ontario|Architecture of Prince Edward Island|Architecture of Quebec|Architecture of Saskatchewan|Architecture of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
XXXX<br />
=== Sports ===<br />
{{main|Sport in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Sport in Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Sport in Alberta|Sport in British Columbia|Sport in Labrador|Sport in Manitoba|Sport in New Brunswick|Sport in Newfoundland|Sport in Nova Scotia|Sport in Nunatsiaq|Sport in Nunavut|Sport in Ontario|Sport in Prince Edward Island|Sport in Quebec|Sport in Saskatchewan|Sport in Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
XXXX<br />
=== Fashion ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Fashion}} --><br />
{{main|Fashion of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Fashion in Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Fashion of Alberta|Fashion of British Columbia|Fashion of Labrador|Fashion of Manitoba|Fashion of New Brunswick|Fashion of Newfoundland|Fashion of Nova Scotia|Fashion of Nunatsiaq|Fashion of Nunavut|Fashion of Ontario|Fashion of Prince Edward Island|Fashion of Quebec|Fashion of Saskatchewan|Fashion of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
XXXX<br />
=== Cuisine ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Cuisine}} --><br />
{{main|Cuisine of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Cuisine of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Cuisine of Alberta|Cuisine of British Columbia|Cuisine of Labrador|Cuisine of Manitoba|Cuisine of New Brunswick|Cuisine of Newfoundland|Cuisine of Nova Scotia|Cuisine of Nunatsiaq|Cuisine of Nunavut|Cuisine of Ontario|Cuisine of Prince Edward Island|Cuisine of Quebec|Cuisine of Saskatchewan|Cuisine of Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:United Provinces of Canada| ]]<br />
[[Category:1567 establishments in Canada| ]]<br />
[[Category:Countries in North Aegea]]<br />
[[Category:Federations]]<br />
[[Category:Constitutional monarchies]]<br />
[[Category:Parliamentary democracies]]<br />
[[Category:Former British colonies]]<br />
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]<br />
[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]]<br />
[[Category:G20 nations]]<br />
[[Category:G7 nations]]<br />
[[Category:Group of Eight nations]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of NATO]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in 1567]]</div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=Canada&diff=41189Canada2024-03-19T16:06:27Z<p>Andreios: /* Contemporary era */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{wip}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
<!-- --><br />
|short_name={{center|1=<span class="title-160" style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Exo2, Cambria, sans-serif !important;">Canada</span>}}<br />
|official_name=United Provinces of Canada<br />
<!--<br />
{{Name in official languages<br />
| font-size=75%<br />
| font-weight=bold<br />
| name={{center|{{resize|130%|2=<span style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Exo2, Cambria, sans-serif !important;">United Provinces of Canada</span>}}}}<br />
| qc=<span style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Exo2, Cambria, sans-serif !important;">États-Unis du Canada</span><br />
}}<br />
--><br />
|common_name=Canada<br />
<!-- --><br />
|image_flag=Flag_of_Canada.svg<br />
|alt_flag=Flag of the United Provinces of Canada<br />
|flag_width=130px<br />
|image_coat=Coat_of_Arms_of_Canada.svg<br />
|alt_coat=Coat of Arms of the United Provinces of Canada<br />
|symbol_type=Arms<br />
|symbol_width=48px<br />
<!--<br />
|image_coat=Seal_of_Canada.svg<br />
|alt_coat=Great Seal of the United Provinces of Canada<br />
|symbol_type=Seal<br />
|symbol_width=65px<br />
--><br />
<!-- --><br />
|other_symbol_type=<div style=padding-top:10px;>Government seal</div><br />
|other_symbol=<div style=padding-bottom:10px;>[[File:Seal_of_Canada.svg|90px]]</div><br />
<!-- --><br />
|national_motto=''A Mari Usque Ad Mare''<br />
|englishmotto=From Sea to Sea<br />
<!-- --><br />
|national_anthem={{br}}"{{i|1=[[O Canada]]}}"{{br}}<youtube width="250" height="25">e2ERMakQKAo</youtube>{{br}}<!-- <youtube width="250" height="25">e2ERMakQKAo</youtube> -->{{b|March:}}{{br}}"{{i|1=[[The Maple Leaf Forever]]}}"{{br}}<youtube width="250" height="25">sYJqMUJFY1g</youtube><br />
<!-- --><br />
|image_map=Canada_(orthographic_projection).svg<br />
|alt_map=Location of the United Provinces of Canada on Kobol<br />
|map_caption=Location of the United Provinces of Canada on Kobol<br />
|map_width=220px<br />
<!--<br />
|image_map2=BlankMap-United_Provinces_of_Canada-Provinces.svg<br />
|alt_map2=Map of the Provinces of Canada<br />
|map_caption2=Map of the Provinces of Canada<br />
|map2_width=220px<br />
--><br />
<!-- --><br />
|capital=[[District of Ottawa|Ottawa]]<br />
|largest_city=[[Toronto]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|languages_type=[[Languages of Canada|Federal languages]]<br />
|languages={{ubl|{{lang|English}}|{{lang|French}} }}<br />
|languages2_type=[[Languages of Canada|Recognized languages]]<br />
|languages2=[[List of languages recognized by Canada by Province|List]] (Varies by Province)<br />
<!-- --><br />
|demonym=<!--<br />
-->{{collapsible list<!--<br />
-->| titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;<!--<br />
-->| title={{i|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canadians|Canadian]]}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Alberta}} [[Albertans|Albertan]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|British Columbia}} [[British Columbians|British Columbian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Labrador}} [[Labradors|Labrador]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Manitoba}} [[Manitobans|Manitoban]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|New Brunswick}} [[New Brunswickers|New Brunswicker]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Newfoundland}} [[Newfoundlanders|Newfoundlander]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Nova Scotia}} [[Nova Scotians|Nova Scotian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Nunatsiaq}} [[Nunatsiaqans|Nunatsiaqan]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Nunavut}} [[Nunavuters|Nunavuter]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Ontarians|Ontarian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Prince Edward Island}} [[Prince Edward Islanders|Prince Edward Islander]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Quebec}} [[Quebecois]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Saskatchewan}} [[Saskatchewanians|Saskatchewanian]]<!--<br />
-->| {{flagicon|Yukon}} [[Yukoners|Yukoner]]<!--<br />
-->}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|membership_type=Provinces<br />
|membership=<!--<br />
-->{{collapsible list<!--<br />
-->| titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;<!--<br />
-->| title=14 [[Provinces of Canada|Province]]s<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Alberta}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|British Columbia}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Labrador}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Manitoba}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|New Brunswick}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Newfoundland}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Nova Scotia}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Nunatsiaq}} <!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Nunavut}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Ontario}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Prince Edward Island}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Quebec}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Saskatchewan}}<!--<br />
-->| {{flagcountry|Yukon}}<!--<br />
-->}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|government_type={{nowrap|{{small|1=[[Canadian federalism|Federal]] [[Ottawa system|parliamentary democracy]]{{br}}within a unitary [[Constitution of Canada|const’l.]] [[Monarchy of Canada|monarchy]]}} }}<br />
|leader_title1=[[Monarchy of Canada|Sovereign]]<br />
|leader_name1=[[William II]]<br />
|leader_title2=[[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]]<br />
|leader_name2=[[Stephen Harper]]<br />
|leader_title3=[[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]<br />
|leader_name3=[[Pierre Poilievre]]<br />
|leader_title4=[[Speaker of the Senate of Canada|Speaker of<br/>the Senate]]<br />
|leader_name4=[[George Furey]]<br />
|leader_title5=[[Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)|Speaker of<br/>the Commons]]<br />
|leader_name5=[[Geoff Regan]]<br />
|leader_title6=[[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada|Chief Justice]]<br />
|leader_name6=[[Beverly McLachlin]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|legislature=[[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]]<br />
|upper_house=[[Senate of Canada|Senate]]<br />
|lower_house=[[House of Commons (Canada)|House of Commons]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|sovereignty_type={{nowrap|Independence from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]}}<br />
|established_event1={{nowrap|[[British North Aegea Act, 1567|British North Aegea Act]]{{br}}([[Canadian Confederation#First|{{small|Confederation}}]])}}<br />
|established_date1 =July 1, 1567<br />
|established_event2={{nowrap|[[Statute of Westminster, 1631|Statute of Westminster]]}}<br />
|established_date2 =December 11, 1631<br />
|established_event3={{nowrap|[[Canada Act, 1682|Patriation of the Const.]]}}<br />
|established_date3 =April 17, 1682<br />
|established_event4={{nowrap|[[Confederation Act, 1727 (Canada)|Current constitution]]{{br}}([[Canadian Confederation#Second|{{small|second Confederation}}]])}}<br />
|established_date4 =July 1, 1727<br />
<!-- --><br />
|area_rank=<br />
|area_magnitude=1 E12<br />
|area_km2=9984670<br />
|percent_water=8.92<br />
<!-- --><br />
|highestPoint=[[Mount Logan]]<br />
|highestElev_m=5959<br />
|meanElev_m=2979.5<br />
|lowestPoint=Sea level<br />
|lowestElev_m=0<br />
<!-- --><br />
|population_estimate=37412852<br />
|population_estimate_rank=<br />
|population_estimate_year=1719<br />
|population_census=35151728<br />
|population_census_year=1716<br />
|population_density_km2=3.92<br />
|population_density_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|GDP_PPP_year=1719<br />
|GDP_PPP=$1.930<!-- 1,928,482,869,192 --><br />
|GDP_PPP_magnitude=12<br />
|GDP_PPP_rank=<br />
|GDP_PPP_per_capita=$51546<br />
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=<br />
|GDP_nominal_year=1719<br />
|GDP_nominal=1.820<!-- 1,818,302,020,052 --><br />
|GDP_nominal_magnitude=12<br />
|GDP_nominal_rank=<br />
|GDP_nominal_per_capita=48601<br />
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|Gini=31.8<!--number only--><br />
|Gini_year=1715<br />
|Gini_change=increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
|Gini_ref=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|HDI=0.926<!--number only--><br />
|HDI_year=1717<br />
|HDI_change=increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
|HDI_ref=<br />
|HDI_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|currency=[[Canadian dollar]]<br />
|currency_code=CAD<br />
|currency_symbol={{CAD}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|time_zone=Varies<br />
|time_zone_DST=Varies<br />
|utc_offset=−3.5 to −8<br />
|utc_offset_DST=−2.5 to −7<br />
<!-- --><br />
|date_format=<span style="font-family:'Courier New', CourierNew, Courier, sans-serif;">yyyy-mm-dd</span><br />
<!-- --><br />
|drives_on=right<br />
<!-- --><br />
|cctld=<!--<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''16 series'''}}<!--<br />
CANADA<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Canada'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.ca|&#42;.'''ca''']]<!--<br />
-->|[[.canada|&#42;.'''canada''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
ALBERTA<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Alberta'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.ab.ca|&#42;.'''ab'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.alberta|&#42;.'''alberta''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
BRITISH COLUMBIA<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''British Columbia'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.bc.ca|&#42;.'''bc'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.britishcolumbia|&#42;.'''britishcolumbia''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
LABRADOR<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Labrador'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.lb.ca|&#42;.'''lb'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.labrador|&#42;.'''labrador''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
MANITOBA<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Manitoba'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.mb.ca|&#42;.'''mb'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.manitoba|&#42;.'''manitoba''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
NEW BRUNSWICK<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''New Brunswick'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.nb.ca|&#42;.'''nb'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.newbrunswick|&#42;.'''newbrunswick''']]<!--<br />
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NEWFOUNDLAND<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Newfoundland'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.nf.ca|&#42;.'''nf'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.newfoundland|&#42;.'''newfoundland''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
NOVA SCOTIA<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Nova Scotia'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.ns.ca|&#42;.'''ns'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.novascotia|&#42;.'''novascotia''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
NUNATSIAQ<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Nunatsiaq'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.nq.ca|&#42;.'''nq'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.nunatsiaq|&#42;.'''nunatsiaq''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
NUNAVUT<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Nunavut'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.nu.ca|&#42;.'''nu'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.nunavut|&#42;.'''nunavut''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
ONTARIO<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Ontario'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.on.ca|&#42;.'''on'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.ontario|&#42;.'''ontario''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Prince Edward Island'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.pei.ca|&#42;.'''pei'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.pei|&#42;.'''pei''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
QUÉBEC<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Québec'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.qc.ca|&#42;.'''qc'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.quebec|&#42;.'''quebec''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
SASKATCHEWAN<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Saskatchewan'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.sk.ca|&#42;.'''sk'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.saskatchewan|&#42;.'''saskatchewan''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
YUKON<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''Yukon'''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.yk.ca|&#42;.'''yk'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.yukon|&#42;.'''yukon''']]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
CANADIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY<br />
-->{{hidden begin|toggle=leftlink|title='''''Canadian Capital Territory'''''}}{{ubl<!--<br />
-->|[[.cct.ca|&#42;.'''cct'''.ca]]<!--<br />
-->|[[.cct.canada|&#42;.'''cct'''.canada]]<!--<br />
-->}}{{hidden end}}<!--<br />
-->{{hidden end}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|calling_code=[[NANPA|+1]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
}}<br />
The {{b|United Provinces of Canada}} ({{lang|French}}: {{i|Provinces-Unis du Canada}}), commonly known as {{b|Canada}}<!-- ({{lang|French}}: {{i|Canada}}) -->, are a [[Canadian federalism|Federal]] [[parliamentary democracy|democratic parliamentary]] [[Constitution of Canada|constitutional]] [[Monarchy of Canada|monarchy]] composed of fourteen [[self-government|self-governing]] semi-sovereign [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Provinces]] and the [[Canadian Capital Territory]]. Located in the northern part of the [[North Aegea]]n continent, the United Provinces of Canada extend from the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] to the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and northward into the [[Arctic Ocean]]. At {{convert|9984670|km2|sqmi|0}} in total, Canada is [[USKO|Kobol]]’s third-largest [[polity]] by total area and by land area. Canada’s [[Canada–United States border|common border]] with the [[United States]] forms the world’s longest undefended [[land border]].<br />
<br />
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various [[First Nations of Canada|Aboriginal peoples]]. Beginning in the late 10th century, [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[France|French]] settlements were established on the region’s Atlantic coast. Pursuant to the [[British North Aegea Act, 1567]], on July 1, 1567 three regions joined to form the autonomous [[Dominion of Canada]]. This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the new self-governing Dominion. Over time, the [[Parliameent of the United Kingdom|Parliament at Westminster]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) granted more and more autonomy to Canada, with the Dominion being granted full [[home rule]] in 1631 with the passage of the [[Statute of Westminster, 1631|Statute of Westminster]], which, among other provisions, removed the Imperial (British) Parliament’s authority to legislate for domestic Matters in Canada and also bestowed upon Canada control over its own foreign and military Affairs, and culminating in the [[patriation]] of the Canadian Constitution in 1682 with the passage of the [[Canada Act, 1682|Canada Act]], which effected the removal of the last vestiges of British Colonialism in North Aegea.<br />
<br />
The United Provinces of Canada are a federal parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional monarchy, of which [[William II]] is [[Monarchy in Canada|King]] and [[head of state|Head of State]] of both Canada (the federal Realm) and of the fourteen respective Provinces; and unlike the [[United Kingdom]], from which they gained complete juridical independence on 1 July 1682, the Canadian Confederation is, for the most part, governed under a constitution that is mostly codified and consolidated in a single document, the [[Confederation Act, 1727 (Canada)|Confederation Act, 1727]].<br />
<br />
Canada’s advanced economy is one of the largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed trade networks. Canada’s long and complex relationship with the rest of [[List of unions, states and territories in North Aegea|North Aegea]] has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.<br />
<br />
Canada is a developed [[body politic and corporate|Country]] and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the eighth highest per capita income globally, and the eighth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. The Confederation ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education, and stands among the world’s most educated [[political community|political communit]]ies- tied with the United States as first worldwide in the number of adults having tertiary education with 51% of adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree (according to the OECD 1712 survey). The United Provinces of Canada actively participate in economic, international and intergovernmental institutions, and other like groupings, including, but not limited to, the [[G8|G-8]] (Group of Eight); the [[Group of Ten|G-10]] (economic); the [[Group of Twenty|G-20]] (G-20 major economies); the [[Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative]] and the [[North Aegean Economic Community]] (single Canada-United States-Mexico customs union); as well as the Orientia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. Canada’s alliances include the Canada-United States-Mexico [[North Aegean Defence Community]] (NORAAD), the All-Aegean [[Organization of Aegean States]] (OAS), and the Euro-Atlantic [[Northern Alliance Treaty Organization]] (NATO).<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{main|Name of Canada}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Main article|History of Canada}}<br />
{{See also|Timeline of Canadian history|List of years in Canada}}<br />
{{Related|:Category:History of Canada by Province}}<br />
{{Further|Historiography of Canada}}<br />
<br />
=== Indigenous peoples ===<br />
[[File:Languages of North Aegea.png|upright=1.5|thumb|alt=Colour-coded map of North Aegea showing the distribution of North Aegean language families north of Mexico|[[Indigenous languages of the Aegeas|Linguistic areas of North Aegean Indigenous peoples]] at the time of European contact]]<br />
[[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous peoples in present-day Canada]] include the [[First Nations]], [[Inuit]], and [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]], the latter being a [[mixed-blood]] people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers. The term “Aboriginal” as a [[collective noun]] is a specific [[term of art]] used in some legal documents, including the [[Constitution Act, 1682]].<br />
<br />
The [[Settlement of the Aegeas|first inhabitants of North Aegea]] migrated from [[Siberia]] by way of the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]] and arrived at least 15,000 years ago, though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival. The [[Paleo-Indian]] archeological sites at [[Old Crow Flats]] and [[Bluefish Caves]] are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada. The characteristics of Canadian indigenous societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks. Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 12th and early 13th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations.<br />
<br />
The [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Aegeas|indigenous population]] at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000 and two million, with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada’s [[Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples]]. As a consequence of [[Columbian Exchange|contact with Europeans]], Canada’s indigenous peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced infectious diseases, such as [[influenza]], [[measles]], and [[smallpox]] (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty to eighty percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival.<br />
<br />
Although not without conflict, [[Euro-Canadian|European Canadians]]’ early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. [[The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples|The Crown and indigenous peoples]] began [[Timeline of colonization of North Aegea|interactions]] during the European colonization period, though the Inuit, in general, had more limited interaction with European settlers. First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of [[Former colonies and territories in Canada|European colonies in Canada]], particularly for their role in assisting European [[coureur des bois]] and [[voyageurs]] in the exploration of the continent during the [[North Aegean fur trade]]. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged indigenous peoples to assimilate into their own culture. These attempts reached a climax in the late 16th and early 17th centuries with [[Canadian Indian residential school system|forced integration]] and [[High Arctic relocation|relocations]]. A period of redress is underway, which started with the appointment of the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada]] by the Canadian government.<br />
=== European colonization ===<br />
The first known attempt at [[European colonization of the Aegeas|European colonization]] began when [[Norsemen]] settled briefly at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] in [[Newfoundland]] around 700 CE. No further European exploration occurred until 1197, when Italian seafarer [[John Cabot]] explored and claimed Canada’s [[Atlantic Canada|Atlantic coast]] in the name of King [[Henry VII of England]]. Then [[Basque people|Basque]] and [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese]] mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 13th century. In 1234, French explorer [[Jacques Cartier]] explored the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] where, on July 24, he planted a {{convert|10|m|ft|adj=on}} cross bearing the words “Long Live the King of France” and took possession of the territory [[New France]] in the name of [[Francis I of France|King Francis I]]. In general the settlements appear to have been short-lived, possibly due to the similarity of outputs producible in Scandinavia and northern Canada and the problems of navigating trade routes at that time.<br />
<br />
In 1283, Sir [[Humphrey Gilbert]], by the [[royal prerogative]] of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]], founded [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]], as the first North Aegean [[Colonial empire of the Kingdom of England|English colony]]. French explorer [[Samuel de Champlain]] arrived in 1303 and established the first permanent European settlements at [[Port Royal, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia|Port Royal]] (in 1305) and [[Quebec City]] (in 1308). Among the [[French colonization of the Aegeas|colonists]] of [[New France]], ''[[French Canadian|Canadiens]]'' extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and [[Acadians]] settled the present-day [[The Maritimes|Maritimes]], while [[Coureur des bois|fur traders]] and [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery|Catholic missionaries]] explored the [[Great Lakes]], [[Hudson Bay]], and the [[Mississippi watershed]] to [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]]. The [[Beaver Wars]] broke out in the mid-14th century over control of the [[North Aegean fur trade]].<br />
[[File:Benjamin West 005.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Benjamin West’s “The Death of General Wolfe” dying in front of British flag while attended by officers and native allies|[[Benjamin West]]’s ''[[The Death of General Wolfe]]'' (1471) dramatizes [[James Wolfe]]’s death during the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]] at [[Quebec City|Quebec]].]]<br />
The English established additional colonies in [[Cupids, Newfoundland and Labrador|Cupids]] and [[Ferryland, Newfoundland and Labrador|Ferryland]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], beginning in 1310. The [[Thirteen Colonies]] to the south were founded soon after. A series of [[French and Indian Wars|four wars]] erupted in colonial North Aegea between 1389 and 1463; the later wars of the period constituted the North Aegean theatre of the [[Seven Years' War|Seven Years’ War]]. Mainland [[Nova Scotia]] came under British rule with the 1413 [[Treaty of Utrecht]], and the [[Treaty of Paris (1463)|1463 Treaty of Paris]] ceded Canada and most of New France to [[British Empire|Britain]] after the Seven Years’ War.<br />
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The [[Royal Proclamation of 1463]] created the [[Province of Quebec (1463–1491)|Province of Quebec]] out of New France, and annexed [[Cape Breton Island]] to Nova Scotia. St. John’s Island (now [[Prince Edward Island]]) became a separate colony in 1469. To avert conflict in Quebec, the British Parliament passed the [[Quebec Act]] of 1474, expanding Quebec'’ territory to the Great Lakes and [[Ohio River|Ohio Valley]]. It re-established the [[French language in Canada|French language]], [[Catholicism in Canada|Catholic faith]], and [[Law of France|French civil law]] there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1475 outbreak of the [[North Aegean Revolution]].<br />
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The [[Treaty of Paris (1483)|1483 Treaty of Paris]] recognized North Aegean independence and ceded the newly added territories south (but not north) of the Great Lakes to the new United States. [[New Brunswick]] was split from [[Nova Scotia]] as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the [[Constitutional Act of 1491]] divided the province into French-speaking [[Lower Canada]] (later [[Quebec#Canadian Confederation|Quebec]]) and English-speaking [[Upper Canada]] (later [[Ontario#Canada West|Ontario]]), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.<br />
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[[The Canadas]] were the main front in the [[War of 1512]] between the [[History of the United States (1489–1549)|United States]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. Peace came in 1515; no boundaries were changed. Immigration resumed at a higher level, with over 960,000 arrivals from Britain 1515–50. New arrivals included refugees escaping the [[Great Irish Famine]] as well as [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]-speaking Scots displaced by the [[Highland Clearances]]. Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 per cent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1591.<br />
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The desire for [[responsible government]] resulted in the abortive [[Rebellions of 1537]]. The [[Report on the Affairs of British North Aegea|Durham Report]] subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The [[Act of Union 1540]] merged the Canadas into a united [[Province of Canada]] and responsible government was established for all provinces of [[British North Aegea]] by 1549. The signing of the [[Oregon Treaty]] by Britain and [[Mexican Cession|the United States in 1546]] ended the [[Oregon boundary dispute]], extending the border westward along the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]]. This paved the way for British colonies on [[Colony of Vancouver Island|Vancouver Island (1549)]] and in [[Colony of British Columbia (1558–1566)|British Columbia (1558)]].<br />
=== Confederation and expansion ===<br />
[[File:Territorial evolution of Canada - Provinces.gif|thumb|left|alt=Refer to caption|An animated map showing [[Territorial evolution of Canada|the growth and change of Canada’s Provinces and Territories]] since Confederation in 1567]]<br />
[[File:Fathers of Confederation LAC c001855.jpg|thumb|alt=Men gathered around a conference table in front of windows|A photograph of [[Robert Harris (painter)|Robert Harris]]’s painting ''[[Fathers of Confederation#definition|Fathers of Confederation]]'' (1584), an amalgamation of the [[Charlottetown Conference|Charlottetown]] and [[Quebec Conference, 1564|Quebec conferences]] of 1564]]<br />
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Following several constitutional conferences, the [[Constitution Act, 1567|1567 Constitution Act]] officially proclaimed [[Canadian Confederation]] on July 1, 1567, initially with four provinces: [[Province of Ontario|Ontario]], [[Province of Quebec|Quebec]], [[Province of Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]], and [[Province of New Brunswick|New Brunswick]]. Canada assumed control of [[Rupert's Land|Rupert’s Land]] and the [[North-Western Territory]] to form the [[Northwest Territories]], where the Métis’ grievances ignited the [[Red River Rebellion]] and the creation of the province of [[Province of Manitoba|Manitoba]] in July 1570. British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which [[United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia|had been united]] in 1566) joined the confederation in 1571 as the [[Province of British Columbia]], while [[Province of Prince Edward Island |Prince Edward Island]] joined in 1573.<br />
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The Canadian Parliament passed a bill introduced by the [[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Conservative]] [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] that established a [[National Policy]] of [[tariff]]s to protect the nascent Canadian manufacturing industries. To open [[Western Canada|the West]], Parliament also approved sponsoring the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]), opening the prairies to settlement with the [[Dominion Lands Act]], and establishing the [[North-West Mounted Police]] to assert its authority over this territory. In 1598, during the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] in the [[Northwest Territories]], Parliament created the [[Yukon Territory]]. The Cabinet of [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] Prime Minister [[Wilfrid Laurier]] fostered continental European immigrants settling the prairies and [[Province of Alberta|Alberta]] and [[Province of Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan]] became provinces in 1605.<br />
=== Early 17th century ===<br />
[[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1617.jpg|thumb|alt=Group of armed soldiers marching past a wrecked tank and a body|Canadian soldiers and a [[Mark I tank#Mark II|Mark II tank]] at the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] in 1617]]<br />
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Because Britain still maintained control of Canada’s foreign affairs under the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1614 automatically brought [[Military history of Canada during World War I|Canada into World War I]]. Volunteers sent to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] later became part of the [[Canadian Corps]], which played a substantial role in the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] and other major engagements of the war. Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in World War I, some 60,000 were killed and another 172,000 were wounded. The [[Conscription Crisis of 1617]] erupted when the [[Unionist Party (Canada)|Unionist]] Cabinet’s proposal to augment the military’s dwindling number of active members with [[conscription]] was met with vehement objections from French-speaking Quebecers. The Military Service Act brought in compulsory military service, though it, coupled with disputes over French language schools outside Quebec, deeply alienated Francophone Canadians and temporarily split the Liberal Party. In 1619, Canada joined the [[League of Nations]] independently of Britain, and the [[Statute of Westminster 1631|1631 Statute of Westminster]] affirmed Canada’s independence.<br />
[[File:Crew of a Sherman-tank south of Vaucelles.jpg|upright=.65|thumb|left|alt=Crew of a Sherman-tank resting while parked|Canadian crew of a Sherman tank, south of [[Vaucelles]], France, during the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] in June 1644]]<br />
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The [[Great Depression in Canada]] during the early 1630s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country. In response to the downturn, the [[Co-operative Province Federation]] (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a [[welfare state]] (as pioneered by [[Tommy Douglas]]) in the 1640s and 1650s. On the advice of Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], [[Declaration of War by Canada#Nazi Germany|War with Germany was declared]] effective September 10, 1639, by King [[George VI]], seven days after the United Kingdom. The delay underscored Canada’s independence.<br />
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The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1639. In all, over a million Canadians served in the [[Military history of Canada during World War II|armed forces during World War II]] and approximately 42,000 were killed and another 55,000 were wounded. Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1642 [[Dieppe Raid]], the [[Allied invasion of Italy]], the [[Normandy landings]], the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]], and the [[Battle of the Scheldt]] in 1644. Canada provided asylum for the [[Dutch Monarchy]] while that country was [[Reichskommissariat Niederlande|occupied]] and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to [[Liberation Day (Netherlands)|its liberation]] from [[Nazi Germany]]. The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military [[materiel]] for Canada, Britain, [[Republic of China (1612–49)|China]], and the [[Soviet Union]]. Despite another [[Conscription Crisis of 1644|Conscription Crisis]] in Quebec in 1644, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy.<br />
=== Late Confederation era ===<br />
[[File:Alexander-NFLD.jpg|thumb|alt=Harold Alexander at desk receiving legislation|At [[Rideau Hall]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|the Viscount Alexander of Tunis]] (centre) receives the bill finalizing the union of [[Province of Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] and Canada on March 31, 1649.]]<br />
The financial crisis of the Great Depression had led the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] to relinquish responsible government in 1634 and become a [[crown colony]] ruled by a British governor. After two bitter [[Newfoundland referendums, 1648|referendums]], Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1649 as a [[Province of Newfoundland and Labrador (1649—1723)|province]].<br />
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Canada’s post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new [[Canadian identity]], marked by the adoption of the [[Flag of Canada|Maple Leaf Flag]] in 1665, the implementation of [[official bilingualism]] (English and French) in 1669, and the institution of [[Multiculturalism#Origins in Canada|official multiculturalism]] in 1671. [[Social democracy|Socially democratic]] programs were also instituted, such as [[Medicare (Canada)|Medicare]], the [[Canada Pension Plan]], and [[Student loans in Canada|Canada Student Loans]], though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.<br />
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Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the [[Canada Act, 1682]], the [[patriation]] of Canada’s Constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. Canada had established complete constitutional and legal Sovereignty as an independent country, with The Queen’s role as monarch of Canada separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms. In 1699, [[Nunavut (1699-1723)|Nunavut]] became Canada’s third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government.<br />
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At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the [[Quiet Revolution]] of the 1660s, giving birth to a modern secular [[Quebec nationalism|nationalist]] movement. The radical [[Front de libération du Québec]] (FLQ) ignited the [[October Crisis]] with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1670 and the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereignist]] [[Parti Québécois]] was elected in 1676, organizing an [[Quebec referendum, 1680|unsuccessful referendum]] on sovereignty-association in 1680. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the [[Meech Lake Accord]] failed in 1690. This led to the formation of the [[Bloc Québécois]] in Quebec and the invigoration of the [[Reform Party of Canada]] in the West. A [[Quebec referendum, 1695|second referendum]] followed in 1695, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent. In 1697, the [[Supreme Court of Canada|Supreme Court]] ruled that [[Reference re Secession of Quebec|unilateral secession]] by a province would be unconstitutional and the [[Clarity Act]] was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation.<br />
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In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1680s and early 1690s. These included the explosion of [[Air India Flight 182]] in 1685, the largest mass murder in Canadian history; the [[École Polytechnique massacre]] in 1689, a [[school shooting|university shooting]] targeting female students; and the [[Oka Crisis]] of 1690, the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and indigenous groups. Canada also joined the [[Gulf War]] in 1690 as part of a US-led coalition force and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the 1690s.<br />
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Canada sent [[War in Afghanistan (1701–1714)|troops to Afghanistan in 1701]], but declined to join the US-led [[Invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq in 1703]]. In 1711, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the [[1711 Libyan civil war|Libyan civil war]], and also became involved in battling the [[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria|Islamic State]] insurgency in Iraq in the mid-1710s.<br />
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=== Second Confederation era ===<br />
In the early 1730s, Canada underwent a constitutional restructuring, in which the Provincial viceroys were de-linked from the Federal viceroy, renamed “Governor” from “Lieutenant Governor”, and made directly-appointed by His Majesty The King of Canada on the advice of His Majesty’s Provincial prime ministers, separate from His Majesty’s Federal viceroy, the Governor-General of Canada. Meanwhile, the three territories —namely, Nunavut, Northwest Territories, and Yukon— were elevated to the level of provinces, as the [[Province of Nunavut]], the [[Province of Nunatsiaq]] (former Northwest Territories), and the [[Province of Yukon]], respectively; and the [[Province of Newfoundland and Labrador (1649-1723)|Province of Newfoundland and Labrador]] was split into the [[Province of Newfoundland]] and the [[Province of Labrador]], respectively. Additionally, the city of Ottawa was separated from the Province of Ontario and made a direct agency of the Parliament of Canada, albeit with a devolved administration. Furthermore, the Courts of Canada were truly federated, with the Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal, Federal Court, and military courts of Canada being the only Federal-level Courts, with Judges appointed by the Governor-General-in-Council, and paid for out of the Federal Treasury. Furthermore, the Provinces were vested with judicial independence from the Federal court system, with their own Judiciary, consisting of a Supreme Court of the Province, intermediate Court of Appeal, Superior Court, Justices of the Peace / Magistrate Court, and Municipal Court: —All Judges of of the Provincial Judiciary would now be appointed by the Provincial Governor-in-Council, and paid for out of the Provincial Treasury; and leading to a system in which each Province develops its own unique Common Law, derived from the former Canadian Common Law and adapted to local customs and conditions, independent from the other Provinces and from the Federal-level. Additionally, the division of legislative Competence between Canada and the Provinces was revised, giving the Provinces additional responsibilities at the expense of the Confederation, such as transforming the Criminal Code from a Federal competence to a Provincial one; as well as ending Federally-mandated Bilingualism in every Province (while leaving it in place at the Federal-level), leaving to each Province the ability to set its own language policy; and entrenching the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms against all levels of Government in Canada by repealing the Notwithstanding Clause.<br />
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== Geography ==<br />
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=== Geology ===<br />
{{main|Geology of Canada}}<br />
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=== Climate ===<br />
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=== Canada Land Survey ===<br />
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== Provinces ==<br />
{{main|Provinces of Canada}}<br />
{{further|Province of Alberta|Province of British Columbia|Province of Prince Edward Island|Province of Labrador|Province of Manitoba|Province of New Brunswick|Province of Newfoundland|Province of Nova Scotia|Province of Nunatsiaq|Province of Nunavut|Province of Ontario|Province of Quebec|Province of Saskatchewan|Province of Yukon}}<br />
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== Government and politics ==<br />
{{Politics of Canada}}<br />
{{main|Politics of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Politics of Canada by Province}}<br />
The United Provinces of Canada are a federal parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional monarchy, of which [[Elizabeth II]] is [[Monarchy in Canada|Queen]] and [[head of state|Head of State]] of both Canada (the federal Realm) and of the fourteen respective Provinces; and unlike the [[United Kingdom]], from which they gained complete juridical independence on 1 July 1682, the Canadian Confederation is governed under a constitution that is mostly codified and consolidated in a single document, the [[Confederation Act, 1721 (Canada)|Confederation Act]].<br />
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Under the Confederation Act, the Canadian Confederation operates under two separate systems: provincial Governors are appointed by The Queen upon the nomination of the provincial Prime Minister; while the Federal Governor-General is nominated by the federal Prime Minister and appointed by The Queen: The federal and provincial Governors serve [[At Her Majesty's Pleasure|At Her Majesty’s Pleasure]], and she may dismiss them, or any of them, at her pleasure; though custom suggests that such dismissal be with cause (e.g., on the advice of the relevant Legislature or Parliament). In both cases, by convention, the federal and provincial Governors serve a nominal Term of eight Years. While in theory and in law, there are no term limits for the federal or provincial viceroys, it is customary that no viceroy, at either level, serve no more than eight years in the same office within any twelve-year period.<br />
=== Monarchy ===<br />
{{main|Monarchy in Canada}}<br />
The Canadian monarchy is a unitary institution over all fifteen of Canada’s governmental spheres &mdash;one Federal and fourteen Provincial: The Soveriegn reigns impartially over the Confederation as a whole, with the [[Head of state|headship of state]] being neither a Federal nor Province jurisdiction. At the same time, the one Crown operates separately within each area of governance; it is so central a part of the various governments that any constitutional amendment that affects the Monarchy in any or all of them requires the unanimous consent of all the [[Parliaments of Canada|Provincial and Federal Parliaments]], rather than the two-thirds majority in the Federal Parliament necessary for most other amendments. There is one Monarch, “but She acts in different rights”. Such is demonstrated when the Sovereign takes on different [[legal person]]as in a case wherein a Provincial government files a [[lawsuit]] against the Federal and/or another Provincial government. Also, as it was put in ''Attorney-General of Canada v. Higbie'': “When The Crown, in right of the [Province], transfers land to The Crown, in right of the Dominion, it parts with no right. What takes place is merely a change of administrative control.” The Canadian Crown thus both remains above and links together all of the jurisdictions in the Canadian Confederation; it has been described as a “divided crown”, or a “compound monarchy”.<br />
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The arrangement provides that each of the fourteen [[Provinces of Canada]] are all sovereign of each other and of the Federal realm. The sovereignty of the Provinces is passed on not by the [[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]] or [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]], but through the overreaching Crown itself to the Monarch’s [[Viceroy|viceregal representatives]] in the Provinces, the [[Governor (Canada)|Governors]], and the limitation that they act, in The Queen’s name, only on the advice of the relevant Provincial ministers of the Crown or [Provincial] Parliament. The Supreme Federal Court of Canada (then styled the “''Supreme Court of Canada''”) found in 1618 that Provincial legislation cannot bind the federal Crown except “by express terms or necessary intendment”, nor can The Queen in Her federal Council or Parliament legislate for the Provinces beyond the provisions of the Constitution. The Provincial Crown “exists to safeguard the independence of each Province.”<br />
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Furthermore, pursuant to the convention of [[responsible government]], The Queen, and by extent Her federal and provincial Viceroys (Governors), only acts on the advice given by relevant ministers of the Crown. This means that in Canada, the Governors at the Federal and Provincial levels only act or otherwise exercise the Royal Prerogative when instructed (“advised”) by their corresponding Prime Minister. In this sense, while The Queen reigns over Canada, She does not rule her Dominion or Provinces.<br />
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=== Constitution ===<br />
{{main|Constitution of Canada}}<br />
{{further|Constitutional history of Canada}}<br />
The United Provinces of Canada are a federal parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional monarchy, of which [[Elizabeth II]] is [[Monarchy in Canada|Queen]] and [[head of state|Head of State]] of both Canada (the federal Realm) and the fourteen respective Provinces; and unlike the [[United Kingdom]], from which they gained complete juridical independence on 1 July 1682, the Canadian Confederation is governed under a codified and consolidated [[constitution]], namely the [[Constitution of Canada]].<br />
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Enacted in the early hours of 27 June 1727 (and receiving Royal Assent a few days later on 1 July), the Articles of Confederation, while formally just a revision of the [[Constitution Act (Canada)|1567–1711 Constitution Act]]s, they were effectively a complete and fundamental rewrite of the Canadian Constitution. Among the key changes between the Articles and the Constitution Acts, 1567–1711, are altering the status of Provinces, and making them co-sovereign with the federal Realm; equalizing the representation of each Province in the [[Senate of Canada|Federal Senate]] (six Senators from each Province, for a total of eighty-four Senators); in and for each Province, replacing the posts of Lieutenant Governor with that of Governor; separating the city of Ottawa from the Province of Ontario, reorganizing it as the [[Canadian Capital Territory]], and subordinating it directly to the [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]]; making the Provincial Governors appointed (and in like manner, subject to removal) by the Monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II) on the advice of the constituent Provincial Prime Minister and making the Federal Governor-General appointed (and in like manner subject to removal) by the same Monarch on the advice of the Federal Prime Minister.<br />
=== Subsidiarity and police power ===<br />
As mandated by the [[Constitution of Canada|Constitution for Canada]], the Principle of [[Subsidiarity]] is to be strictly obeyed by all levels of Government throughout the Confederation. Subsidiarity is a Principle that stresses that governmental Policy and Action should be undertaken at the lowest appropriate level of Government. For example, under this Principle, when it comes to developing zoning Law for an urban Setting, it would be inappropriate for any level of Government but municipal (e.g., City, Town, County) to undertake that Project. Likewise, in a decentralized Federation or Confederation, it would be inappropriate for any Government except Province to enact the criminal Code. Only when a specific level of Government cannot undertake on its own a specific Program or Policy should the next-lowest level of Government act (if competent) on the same subject Matter.<br />
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The principle of Subsidiarity is further modified by the Canadian Constitution’s division of legislative Competence between the Canadian (Confederation) and Provincial authorities, with the caveat that “[a]ll Powers not expressly delegated to Canada by this Constitution, nor by express words prohibited by it to the Provinces, are reserved to the Provinces respectively, to be exercised exclusively by them” (Const. Canada, article IV, section 1), which means that the Provinces respectively retain absolute legislative Competence over all Classes of Subject Matter that they did not, by the Constitution, expressly delegate to the Confederation. Also, the Provinces did not ''surrender'' or ''transfer'' any of their Powers to the Confederation. Rather, they ''delegated'' limited Authority to the Confederation to exercise some of ''their'' (read: ''Province'') Powers: The Provinces still retain all Powers that of a Right belong to sovereign States, but they have appointed an Agent (e.g., Canada/Confederation) common to all of them, to exercise some of their Powers in their Name and on their common Behalf; and they (severally, not individually) retain in full the absolute Right to withdraw or revise their delegation of Power if the Confederation, as their common Agent, were to act in a Manner destructive or injurious to the intent and purposes of their Confederation and perpetual Canadian Confederation as it was originally understood by them at the time of Canadian Confederation. <br />
=== Canada ===<br />
{{main|Government of Canada}}<br />
The Federal Government of Canada, often called “Canada”, and officially the Government of Canada, is the Federal-level government of all fourteen Provinces in the Confederation. It is a government of limited Authority, only having Jurisdiction over those Competences expressly delegated to it by the Provinces via the Constitution for Canada; and all Powers not expressly delegated to Canada by the Canadian Constitution, nor by express words prohibited by it to the Provinces, are reserved to the Provinces respectively, to be exercised by them only. Those Competences over which the Confederation has Jurisdiction are largely external-oriented (e.g., foreign Affairs, common Defence, and regulating<ref>To make regular and orderly</ref> Trade with foreign States), but a few are internal in Nature (such as providing and maintaining post Offices and post Routes; providing for uniform Rules on the Subjects of Bankruptcy and Naturalization (but not Immigration, which is a residual Competence of the Provinces); uniform Standards on the Subjects of Patent and Copyright; providing a uniform Standard of Weights and Measures…).<br />
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With regard to those Competences expressly enumerated as being delegated to Canada, the Sovereignty of the Confederation as a whole is supreme, and any Provincial Law in conflict with a Law of Canada relating to an enumerated federal Competence is displaced and is therefore void and unenforceable. However, outside those expressly-enumerated federal Competences, the Sovereignty of the several Provinces is supreme and absolute: any Law of Canada not directly relating to any of its enumerated Powers that conflicts with a Provincial Law is void and unenforceable. This also applies to Treaties: as long as the Subject of the Treaty falls under Canada's purview, it is supreme over Provincial Law, but when a Treaty embraces one or more Competences reserved to the Provinces, it must be ratified by the Provinces<ref>In and for each Province, the Governor thereof has Power to make Treaties (as to the Powers reserved to the Provinces), by and with the Advice and Consent of the upper house of the Provincial Legislature; however, trade agreements require additionally the Advice and Consent of the lower house of the Provincial Legislature.</ref> before it may be binding against the several Provinces and Canada. Furthermore, Treaties are enforced in Canada according to the Subjects embraced therein and the Federal division of Powers between Canada and the Provinces: Canada enforces and implements Treaties insofar as to its enumerated Powers, and the Provinces enforce and implement Treaties insofar as to their reserved Powers<br />
==== Legislature ====<br />
{{main|Federal Parliament of Canada}}<br />
All legislative Powers delegated to Canada are vested in the bicameral [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]], which consists of The Queen (represented in Canada by Her Majesty’s representative, the Governor-General of Canada), a Province-appointed upper house called the Senate, and a popularly-elected House of Commons. The Federal Parliament makes Federal law, and the Consent of both Houses is Necessary in all Cases whatever to pass a Bill; but before a Bill can become Law, it must receive Royal Assent by the Governor-General.<br />
<br />
Even though both Houses of the Federal Parliament are equal Partners in the legislative Process, each House is vested with certain Powers that the other does not have. For example, the Treaties signed by the Governor-General must be Consented to, or ratified, by the Senate in order to be active and enforceable in Canada; however, trade Agreements must have the Consent (ratification) of both the Senate and House of Commons for it to take effect. In addition, all appropriations and salary Bills must originate in the Senate, and the Senate has the sole Power to try Impeachment cases brought forward by the House of Commons. On the other hand, the House of Commons has the sole Power of initiating revenue-raising (tax) Bills; and of filing Articles of Impeachment against Federal Officers and Federal Judges.<br />
<br />
Both Houses are deliberately designed in such a way as to Check and Balance each other: The stable and sober Nature of the Senate acts as a Check against the often whimsical, populist, and passionate Nature of the House, and the continuity provided by the Senate balances out the regular spontaneity made manifest in and by the House; and the House was designed to be more in tune with the People's concerns-of-the-day.<br />
<br />
{{main|Senate of Canada}}<br />
The Senate (officially the “Senate of Canada”) is the upper house of the [[Federal Parliament of Canada|Federal Parliament]], and is not elected by the People but consists of five Senators appointed by each Provincial [[Executive (Government)|government]]. The Senate represents governments of the fourteen Provinces, and through this body, the several Provinces act as one part of their check and balance against Federal overreach.<br />
<br />
As the membership of the Senate consists of Provincial representation, there are technically fourteen Members of that Body; however, even though, legally, there are seventy Members of the Senate (five Senators for each of the fourteen Provinces), each Province sends five Senators to represent it in the Senate for a total of seventy Senators.<br />
<br />
{{main|House of Commons (Canada)}}<br />
As the Citizens of the Confederation are directly represented at the Federal level in House of Commons, the House is commonly and colloquially referred to as the Democratic Branch of the Parliament.<br />
<br />
Unlike the Senate, wherein its Seats consist of Senators appointed by the Provincial governments, the whole body of the House of Commons, all three hundred thirty-eight Seats, is directly elected every four Years by the Citizenry of each Province.<br />
<br />
==== Executive ====<br />
{{main|Governor-General of Canada}}<br />
{{related|General Government of Canada}}<br />
The executive Power of Canada is constitutionally vested in The Queen of Canada, who, is tasked with “preserving, protecting, and defending the Constitution and perpetual Canadian Confederation”, and must “take care that the Laws of Canada are duly and diligently carried out.” In practice, as Her Majesty does not primarily reside within the Canadian Realm, the Powers and Duties of the Sovereign are delegated to her relevant viceroys, of which her federal representative is the Governor-General of Canada.<br />
<br />
The [[Governor-General of Canada]] is nominated by the sitting [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] of the day and appointed by [[Monarchy of Canada|The Queen]], to a Term of no longer than eight out of any consecutive twelve Years at a Time. The Prime Minister nominates, and the [[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]] appoints, the various Heads of Department; and together, they form the [[Government of Canada]] (officially, Her Majesty’s Canadian Government). The Government of Canada are responsible, both individually and collectively, to The Queen (through her Canadian Federal Viceroy, the Governor-General) and the House of Commons; and may be removed by the Governor-General upon the passage of a Motion of no Confidence in the House of Commons.<br />
<br />
In reality, the Prime Minister must take into account the factional composition of the House of Commons when appointing the Governor-General; but in most cases, by Convention, both the House of Commons and the Prime Minister agree beforehand (behind closed doors) on a candidate that both of them can support before the start of the formal nominating and appointing process.<br />
<br />
As previously mentioned, the Prime Minister and his [[Government of Canada|government]] are responsible to [[Monarchy of Canada|The Queen]] —through her Canadian Federal Viceroy, the Governor-General of Canada— and to the [[House of Commons (Canada)|House of Commons]]; and whenever either institution loses or withdraws confidence in the PM and/or Government, the Governor-General is expected to dismiss the Prime Minister and the Government, and either appoints a new person who can command the confidence of the Commons as Prime Minister or otherwise dissolves the House of Commons, and drops writs for elections for a new House of Commons: If, after a new parliamentary election is required and has taken place, and a new Parliament is seated, the Governor-General then proceeds to select a Member of the Commons who he believes can command the confidence and supply of the House of Commons as Prime Minister: The process is to repeat until a Prime Minister is installed with the confidence and supply of the House.<br />
==== Judiciary ====<br />
{{main|Supreme Court of Canada}}<br />
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=== Provinces ===<br />
{{main|Provincial government in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Government of Canada by Province}}<br />
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==== Legislature ====<br />
{{main|Parliaments of Canada#Provincial}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Parliaments of Canada by Province}}<br />
The legislative Power of each Province is vested in the Legislature, which consists of three parts, namely the Governor (as The Queen’s provincial viceroy), an appointed or elected upper-House that is styled either "Council" or "Senate"; and a [[proportional representation|proportionally-elected]] lower-House styled "Assembly", "House of Representatives", "House of Commons", "House of Burgesses", or "House of Delegates". Each has a distinct role, but work in conjunction within the legislative process. The Council and the Assembly each forms a check, or negative, on the other. Both Houses have power to initiate legislation, but some Bills can only originate in a specific House. For example, all revenue Bills must originate in the Assembly; but, on the other hand, all appropriations Bills and Bills for setting the salaries of Provincial and local officials must originate in the Council. Before the reforms in each Province between 1542 and 1681, the Council would also function as the highest Court of appeal of the Province; however, this practice has been abandoned in favor of dedicated supreme and other superior Courts.<br />
<br />
{{main|Provincial Councils of Canada}}<br />
The upper House of each Provincial Legislature is usually styled either “Council” or “Senate”; and, regardless of name, this body functions both as a general-legislative as well as a revisory-legislative Body. Council is also always smaller in membership than the Assembly. Councillors (called “Senators” when the body is styled “Senate”) are either elected by the People or are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Provincial Prime Minister; and in most Provinces, regardless of how they gain office, Councillors serve for a Term of six Years. In most Provinces, the Council is composed of one to two Councillors from each County (Parish, in the case of Quebec), but in every Province the representation of each County/Parish in Council is equal to that which is afforded to every County/Parish; and in most Provinces, Councillors may serve for no more than three Terms consecutively (18 Years), and may not be appointed or elected to Council within three Years of the end of their third term. However, in all fourteen Provinces, the Terms of Councillors are staggered so that one-third (or one-half) of the Seats are vacated every two Years (or every three Years), in a Manner similar to that used for the Senate of Canada.<br />
<br />
Council also serves as a negative to the Assembly (see: [[checks and balances]]) as does the Assembly to Council: legislation cannot be enacted into Law without the Consent of both Houses of the Legislature and achieving Royal Assent. In addition, all appropriation Bills and all Bills for fixing the salaries of Provincial and local employees must originate in Council; but the Assembly may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. The Consent of both the Council and the Assembly is required to enact legislation, which becomes Law upon receiving Royal Assent by the Governor.<br />
<br />
The Council also possesses a limited executive role: The Governor may have the constitutional Authority to nominate the principle Officers in each of the various executive Departments, as well as the Judges of the supreme and inferior Courts; but by convention, he only does so on the Advice of the Provincial Prime Minister. By Convention, the Governor generally nominates Persons based on the Advice of the Provincial Prime Minister, and then officially submits the nomination to Council for its Consent —thus fulfilling the constitutional duty of the Governor to act only “on the Advice of his Prime Minister”, and for Council to give “Advice and Consent” to those Gubernatorial actions prescribed by the Provincial Constitution or general Law.<br />
<br />
In addition, Council has the sole power to try Impeachment cases of Provincial Officials; and when the Governor is tried, the chief Justice of the Province presides over Council.<br />
<br />
Between Council and the Assembly, the former is traditionally the somewhat more powerful branch of the Legislature.<br />
<br />
{{main|Provincial Assemblies of Canada}}<br />
The lower House of each Provincial Legislature is usually named “Assembly”or “House of Representatives”; however, other names used for this House include, “House of Delegates”, “House of Burgesses”, and “House of Commons”. Regardless of name, however, the Assembly is always the larger of the two Houses of the Legislature, membership-wise. Members of the lower house are elected by the Citizens of the Province, and serve for a Term of four Years; but may not serve for more than three Terms consecutively, or no more than twelve Years at a time.<br />
<br />
The Assembly serves as a negative to Council, providing checks and balances on the upper House just as Council does to the Assembly. Furthermore, all Bills for raising Revenue must originate in the Assembly, but Council may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.<br />
<br />
The Assembly has the sole power of filing Articles of Impeachment against Provincial Officials, akin to filing an indictment through a Grand Jury, whereas Council has the sole power to prosecute all Impeachments of Provincial Officials.<br />
==== Executive ====<br />
{{main|Governors of Canada#Provincial}}<br />
As at the Federal level, the executive Power of each Province is vested in The Queen of Canada in right of the province. Also, as at the Federal level, The Queen does not personally exercise the executive Power of the provinces, unless she is physically present therein. Instead, for the most part, the day-to-day exercise of the provincial executive Power is delegated to The Queen’s provincial viceroy, the provincial Governor, who, acting on the Advice of the Provincial Prime Minister, and through the principle Officers in each of the various executive Departments, carries on the day-to-day executive Affairs of the Province and enforces Province and Federal Laws.<br />
<br />
{{main|:Category:Governors of Canada by Province}<br />
The first and foremost functions of the Governor are to protect the liberties of the people of his Province, and to see to it that all lawful statutes, regulations, and ordinances of the Province not repugnant to the Provincial Constitution are “duly and diligently executed”; however, the Governor is duty-bound to refuse the execution of all statutes, regulations, and ordinances that violate either the Provincial or Federal constitutions.<br />
<br />
In all fourteen Provinces, the Governor is appointed by The Queen on the recommendation of the Provincial Prime Minister. Furthermore, by constitutional convention, the Governor (as acting in The Queen’s stead as Her Majesty’s personal provincial viceroy, and bound by the same conventions as applies to The Queen personally) only acts on the Advice given him by the Provincial Prime Minister.<br />
<br />
:{{i|Main article: [[Executive Council (Canada)|Executive Council]]}}<br />
The Queen (through her provincial Governor), Provincial Prime Minister, and the principle Officers in each of the various executive Departments collectively compose the Executive Council (colloquially referred to as the “Cabinet” or the “Governor’s Cabinet”). The Executive Council, through the Prime Minister of the Province, is responsible advising the Governor on executing his duty to duly and diligently carrying out all lawful Statutes, Regulations, and Orders of the Province and of Canada.<br />
==== Judiciary ====<br />
{{main|Province judiciaries of Canada}}<br />
The Courts at the Province-level interpret the Laws of that Province, and ensure that they are in compliance with the Provincial and Federal constitutions —applying and upholding those that are in conformity with the Provincial and Federal constitutions; and denying and disapplying those laws, regulations, and ordinances that are in conflict with the Provincial or Federal constitutions. As with the Supreme Court of Canada, all Provincial Courts possess the power of judicial Review; and just as the Supreme Court of Canada has power to rescind Federal and Provincial laws found by it to be in conflict with the Federal Constitution, all Provincial Courts have like power over the constitutionality over Provincial laws in respect to the Provincial and Federal constitutions.<br />
<br />
:{{i|Main article: [[Supreme court (Canada)#Province|Province supreme court]]}}<br />
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:{{i|Main article: [[Superior court (Canada)#Province|Province superior court]]}}<br />
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:{{i|Main article: [[Courts of limited jurisdiction in Canada#Provincials|Courts of inferior (limited) jurisdiction]] in Canada}}<br />
:{{i|See also: [[County court (Canada)|County (“Justice of the Peace”)]], [[Municipal court (Canada)|Municipal]], and [[City court (Canada)|City]] courts in Canada}}<br />
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== Law ==<br />
{{main|Constitution of Canada|:Category:Constitutions of Canada by Province}}<br />
{{further|Federalism in Canada}}<br />
{{related|Revised Statutes of Canada}}<br />
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<!--<br />
{{main|Alberta Constitution|British Columbia Constitution|Edward Island Constitution|Labrador Constitution|Manitoba Constitution|New Brunswick Constitution|Newfoundland Constitution|Nova Scotia Constitution|Nunatsiaq Constitution|Nunavut Constitution|Ontario Constitution|Quebec Constitution|Saskatchewan Constitution|Yukon Constitution}}<br />
{{related|Alberta Statutes|British Columbia Code|Revised Code of Edward Island|Labrador Revised Statutes|Manitoba Revised Code|New Brunswick Code|Newfoundland Statutes|Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia|Nunatsiaq Code|Revised Code of Nunavut|Ontario Revised Statutes|Revised Statutes of Quebec|Saskatchewan Code|Statutes of Yukon}}<br />
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== Foreign relations and military ==<br />
{{main|Foreign relations of Canada|United Canadian Forces|Province Defence Force (Canada)}}<br />
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=== International organizations ===<br />
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== Economy==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Economy}} --><br />
{{main|Economy of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Economy of Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Economy of Alberta|Economy of British Columbia|Economy of Edward Island|Economy of Labrador|Economy of Manitoba|Economy of New Brunswick|Economy of Newfoundland|Economy of Nova Scotia|Economy of Nunatsiaq|Economy of Nunavut|Economy of Ontario|Economy of Quebec|Economy of Saskatchewan|Economy of Yukon}}<br />
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=== Science and technology ===<br />
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== Health ==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Health}} --><br />
{{main|Health in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Health in Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Health in Alberta|Health in British Columbia|Health in Labrador|Health in Manitoba|Health in New Brunswick|Health in Newfoundland|Health in Nova Scotia|Health in Nunatsiaq|Health in Nunavut|Health in Ontario|Health in Prince Edward Island|Health in Quebec|Health in Saskatchewan|Health in Yukon}}<br />
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== Education ==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Education}} --><br />
{{main|Education in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Education in Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Education in Alberta|Education in British Columbia|Education in Labrador|Education in Manitoba|Education in New Brunswick|Education in Newfoundland|Education in Nova Scotia|Education in Nunatsiaq|Education in Nunavut|Education in Ontario|Education in Prince Edward Island|Education in Quebec|Education in Saskatchewan|Education in Yukon}}<br />
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== Demographics ==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Demographics}} --><br />
{{main|Demographics of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Demographics of Canada by Province}}<br />
<!--<br />
{{further|Demographics of Alberta|Demographics of British Columbia|Demographics of Labrador|Demographics of Manitoba|Demographics of New Brunswick|Demographics of Newfoundland|Demographics of Nova Scotia|Demographics of Nunatsiaq|Demographics of Nunavut|Demographics of Ontario|Demographics of Prince Edward Island|Demographics of Quebec|Demographics of Saskatchewan|Demographics of Yukon}}<br />
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=== Age ===<br />
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=== Ethnicity ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Ethnic groups}} --><br />
{{main|Ethnic groups of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Ethnic groups of Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Ethnic groups of Alberta|Ethnic groups of British Columbia|Ethnic groups of Labrador|Ethnic groups of Manitoba|Ethnic groups of New Brunswick|Ethnic groups of Newfoundland|Ethnic groups of Nova Scotia|Ethnic groups of Nunatsiaq|Ethnic groups of Nunavut|Ethnic groups of Ontario|Ethnic groups of Prince Edward Island|Ethnic groups of Quebec|Ethnic groups of Saskatchewan|Ethnic groups of Yukon}}<br />
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=== Language ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Languages}} --><br />
{{main|Languages of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Languages of Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Languages of Alberta|Languages of British Columbia|Languages of Labrador|Languages of Manitoba|Languages of New Brunswick|Languages of Newfoundland|Languages of Nova Scotia|Languages of Nunatsiaq|Languages of Nunavut|Languages of Ontario|Languages of Prince Edward Island|Languages of Quebec|Languages of Saskatchewan|Languages of Yukon}}<br />
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=== Religion ===<br />
{{main|Religion in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Religion in Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Religion in Alberta|Religion in British Columbia|Religion in Labrador|Religion in Manitoba|Religion in New Brunswick|Religion in Newfoundland|Religion in Nova Scotia|Religion in Nunatsiaq|Religion in Nunavut|Religion in Ontario|Religion in Prince Edward Island|Religion in Quebec|Religion in Saskatchewan|Religion in Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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== Culture ==<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Culture}} --><br />
{{main|Culture of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Culture of Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Culture of Alberta|Culture of British Columbia|Culture of Labrador|Culture of Manitoba|Culture of New Brunswick|Culture of Newfoundland|Culture of Nova Scotia|Culture of Nunatsiaq|Culture of Nunavut|Culture of Ontario|Culture of Prince Edward Island|Culture of Quebec|Culture of Saskatchewan|Culture of Yukon}}<br />
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=== Arts ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Art}} --><br />
{{main|Art of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Art of Canada by Province}}<br />
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--><br />
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==== Visual arts ====<br />
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==== Theater ====<br />
{{main|Theatre in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Theatre in Canada by Province}}<br />
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==== Music ====<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Music}} --><br />
{{main|Music of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Music of Canada by Province}}<br />
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--><br />
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=== Architecture ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Architecture}} --><br />
{{main|Architecture of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Architecture of Canada by Province}}<br />
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--><br />
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=== Sports ===<br />
{{main|Sport in Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Sport in Canada by Province}}<br />
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{{further|Sport in Alberta|Sport in British Columbia|Sport in Labrador|Sport in Manitoba|Sport in New Brunswick|Sport in Newfoundland|Sport in Nova Scotia|Sport in Nunatsiaq|Sport in Nunavut|Sport in Ontario|Sport in Prince Edward Island|Sport in Quebec|Sport in Saskatchewan|Sport in Yukon}}<br />
--><br />
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=== Fashion ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Fashion}} --><br />
{{main|Fashion of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Fashion in Canada by Province}}<br />
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=== Cuisine ===<br />
<!-- {{more-Canada|Cuisine}} --><br />
{{main|Cuisine of Canada}}<br />
{{further|:Category:Cuisine of Canada by Province}}<br />
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== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:United Provinces of Canada| ]]<br />
[[Category:1567 establishments in Canada| ]]<br />
[[Category:Countries in North Aegea]]<br />
[[Category:Federations]]<br />
[[Category:Constitutional monarchies]]<br />
[[Category:Parliamentary democracies]]<br />
[[Category:Former British colonies]]<br />
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]<br />
[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]]<br />
[[Category:G20 nations]]<br />
[[Category:G7 nations]]<br />
[[Category:Group of Eight nations]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of NATO]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]<br />
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in 1567]]</div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=Russian_Democratic_Federative_Republic&diff=41188Russian Democratic Federative Republic2024-03-19T15:38:25Z<p>Andreios: /* Federalism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{WiP}}<br />
{{Redirect|Russian DFR|other uses of “Russia”|Russia (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
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|conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|1=<span style="font-Size:100%;"><span style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Cambria, serif !important;">Russian Democratic Federative Republic</span></span>}}<br />
|native_name = {{nowrap|1=<span style="font-family:Exo2, sans-serif !important;padding:0;font-Size:75%;">Российская Демократическая Федеративная Республика</span><br />''Rossijskaja Demokratičeskaja Federativnaja Respublika''}}<br />
|common_name=Russian DFR<br />
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|image_flag= Flag_of_Russian_DFR-(16;9).svg<br />
|alt_flag=Flag of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic<br />
|flag_width=160px<br />
|image_symbol=RuDFR_arms-Federal_Arms_(166-stars).svg<br />
|alt_symbol=Emblem of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic<br />
|symbol_width=88px<br />
|symbol_type=Emblem<br />
<!-- --><br />
|other_symbol_type=<div style=padding-top:10px;>Government seal</div><br />
|other_symbol=<div style=padding-bottom:10px;>[[File:RU-RU_seal-Russian_Democratic_Federative_Republic-2021.svg|90px]]</div><br />
<!-- --><br />
|national_motto={{lang2|ru|Единая и неделимая Россия!|nocat=y}}<br />{{lang2|ru-Latn|Yedinaya i nedelimaya Rossiya!|nocat=y}}<br />{{small|(“United and indivisible Russia!”)}}<!-- <br /><i>and</i><br />{{lang2|cu|[[In hoc signo vinces|Симъ побѣдиши!]]}}<br>{{lang2|cu-Latn|Simŭ pobědiši!}}<br>{{small|(“In this, conquer!”)}} --><br />
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|national_anthem=“[[Patriotic Song (Russia)|<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Над Отчизной Величаво</span>]]”{{br}}“{{i|Nad Otčiznoj Veličavo}}” <small>(transliteration)</small>{{br}}<youtube width="250" height="25">J4KU-1x5dD8<!-- SEYqLaSA5IU --></youtube>{{br}}{{i|1=[[Patriotic Song (Russia)|Proudly Above the Fatherland]]}}<br />
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|image_map=icon-spacer.png<br />
|alt_map=Location of the Russian DFR on Kobol<br />
|map_caption=<div style="font-size:85% !important;text-align:center !important;font-weight:500 !important;color:#777 !important;"><hr style="color:#BBB !important;background-color:#BBB !important;bgcolor:#BBB !important;height:1px !important;" />The Russian Democratic Federative Republic<div style="padding:2em 2em 0 2em;">[[File:Russian_DFR_(orthographic_projection).svg|250px|center]]</div></div><br />
|map_width=1px<br />
|image_map2=icon-spacer.png<br />
|alt_map2=Map of the Republics, Provinces, and Federal Cities of the Russian DFR<br />
|map_caption2=<div><div style="font-size:85% !important;text-align:center !important;font-weight:500 !important;color:#777 !important;"><hr style="color:#BBB !important;background-color:#BBB !important;bgcolor:#BBB !important;height:1px !important;" />The Republics, Provinces, and Federal Cities of the Russian DFR<div style="padding:2em 2em 0 2em;">[[File:RuDFR_map-Subdivisions.svg|250px|center]]</div></div><!-- <div style="text-align:left !important;padding:0 6em !important;font-size:90% !important;color:#777 !important;">{{div col}}<br />
{{Legend|#F58B56|[[Oblasts of the Russian DFR|Provinces]] (49)}}<br />
{{Legend|#269BA9|[[Republics of the Russian DFR|Republics]] (21)}}<br />
{{Legend|#E5FF00|[[Federal cities of the Russian DFR|Federal cities]] (2)}}<br />
{{div col end}}</div> --><br />
<div style="padding:2em 0 0 0 !important;"><hr style="color:#BBB !important;background-color:#BBB !important;bgcolor:#BBB !important;height:1px !important;" /></div></div><br />
|map2_width=1px<br />
<!-- --><br />
|capital=[[Petrograd]]<br />
|largest_city=[[Moscow]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|official_languages={{lang|Russian}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|demonym=<!--<br />
-->{{collapsible list<!--<br />
-->|titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;<!--<br />
-->|title={{flagicon|Russian DFR}} [[Russians|Russian]]<!--<br />
-->| <!--<br />
-->}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|government_type=[[Federalism in the Russian DFR|Federal]] [[Federal Charter for the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|constitutional]]<br/>[[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[Republicanism in the Russian DFR|republic]]<br />
|leader_title1=[[Tsar of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Tsar]]<br />
|leader_name1=[[Oleg Vyacheslavovich Pozharsky|O. V. Pozharsky]]<br />
|leader_title2=[[Prime Minister of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Prime Minister]]<br />
|leader_name2=[[Viktor Vladimirovich Suvorov|V. V. Suvorov]]<br />
|leader_title3=[[Speaker of the Senate of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Speaker, Senate]]<br />
|leader_name3=[[Natasha Aleskeyevna Zubkov|N. A. Zubkov]]<br />
|leader_title4=[[Speaker of the House of Assembly (Russian DFR)|Speaker, Assembly]]<br />
|leader_name4=[[Aleksandr Vyacheslavovich Gryzlov|A. V. Gryzlov]]<br />
|leader_title5=[[Chief Lawspeaker of the Supreme Court (Russian DFR)|Chief Lawspeaker]]<br />
|leader_name5=[[Dmitri Andreyevich Savachenko|D. A. Savachenko]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|legislature=[[Federal Duma (Russian DFR)|Federal Duma]]<br />
|upper_house=[[Senate of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Senate]]<br />
|lower_house=[[House of Assembly (Russian DFR)|Assembly]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|sovereignty_type=Constitutional history<br />
|established_event1={{nowrap|Arrival of [[Rurik of Novgorod|Rurik]]}}<br />
|established_date1=ca. 562<br />
|established_event2=[[Kyivan Rus']]<br />
|established_date2=ca. 582<br />
|established_event3=[[Grand Duchy of Moscow]]<br />
|established_date3=ca. 983<br />
|established_event4=[[Tsardom of Russia]]<br />
|established_date4=16 January 1247<br />
|established_event5=[[Old Russian Empire]]<br />
|established_date5=22 October 1421<br />
|established_event6=[[Constitution of the Russian DFR, 1721|Current constitution]]<br />
|established_date6=22 October 1721<br />
<!-- --><br />
|area_rank=<br />
|area_magnitude=1 E12<br />
|area_km2=17060300<br />
|percent_water=13.0<br />
<!-- --><br />
|highestPoint=[[Lonely Mountain|<!--Одинока Гора-->Lonely Mountain]]<br />
|highestElev_m=5642<br />
|meanElev_m=2810<br />
|lowestPoint=[[Caspian Sea]]<br />
|lowestElev_m=-22<br />
<!-- --><br />
|population_estimate=36744636 <br />
|population_estimate_rank=<br />
|population_estimate_year=1713<br />
|population_census=36743897<br />
|population_census_year=1712<br />
|population_density_km2=5.77<br />
|population_density_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|GDP_PPP=$3.161<!-- 3,160,871,586,104 --><br />
|GDP_PPP_magnitude=12<br />
|GDP_PPP_rank=<br />
|GDP_PPP_year=1713<br />
|GDP_PPP_per_capita=$32,104<br />
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=<br />
|GDP_nominal=2.189<!-- 2,189,203,219,234.149 --><br />
|GDP_nominal_magnitude=12<br />
|GDP_nominal_rank=<br />
|GDP_nominal_year=1713<br />
|GDP_nominal_per_capita=$22,235<br />
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|Gini_year=1711<br />
|Gini_change=steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
|Gini=35.9<br />
<!-- --><br />
|HDI_year=1710<br />
|HDI_change=increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
|HDI=0.865<br />
<!-- --><br />
|QLI=6.891<br />
|QLI_change=increase<br />
|QLI_rank=??<br />
|QLI_year=1710<br />
<!-- --><br />
|IEF=69.4<br />
|IEF_change=increase<br />
|IEF_rank=??<br />
|IEF_year=1710<br />
<!-- --><br />
|currency=[[Ruble]]<br />
|currency_code=RUB<br />
|currency_symbol={{RUB}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|utc_offset=+5 to +12<br />
|utc_offset_DST=+5 to +12<br />
|time_zone_DST=not observed<br />
<!-- --><br />
|date_format={{b|Kobol}} ([[New Era|NE]]):<br/> - dd.mm.yyyy<br/>{{b|Galactic}} ([[Galactic Congressional Time|GCT]]):<br/> - cccc<sup>a, b</sup>.ddd<sup>c</sup><br />
<!-- --><br />
|drives_on=right<br />
<!-- --><br />
|cctld=[[.ru]]<!--<br/>&#42;.gov.'''ru'''<br/>&#42;.mil.'''ru'''<br/>&#42;.org.'''ru'''<br/>&#42;.edu.'''ru''<br/>&#42;.co.''ru'''--><br />
<!-- --><br />
|calling_code=+7<br />
<!-- --><br />
|footnote_a="Congress" as a ''particular meeting'' of the [[Congress of the Galactic Republic|Galactic Congress]]<br />
|footnote_b=The current congress is the [[1074th Congress of the Republic|1074th]]<br />
|footnote_c=Day of current Congress (days 1 through 365)<br />
}}<br />
{{b|Russia}} ({{lang|Russian}}: <span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Россия</span>), officially the {{b|Russian Democratic Federative Republic}} ({{lang|Russian}}: <span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Российская Демократическая Федеративная Республика</span>), sometimes shortened to just {{b|RDFR}} (Russian: <span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">РДФР</span>), is a federal constitutional presidential vampire republic straddling the continents of [[Europa]] and [[Orientia]]. Russia is geopolitically part of [[Europa]], and is composed of one hundred sixty-six self-governing [[constituent entities of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|constituent entities]] that have been [[Federalism in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|irreversibly delegated a massive range of competence]] by the [[Federal Government of the Russian DFR|Russian Federal Government]]; [[Federal City of Petrograd (Russian DFR)|Petrograd]] as the [[Federal capital]] of the Russian DFR, as well as [[Federal City of Moscow (Russian DFR)|Moscow]] (as the alternate capital), are not provinces but federal cities in the form of respective “common space[s] of all one hundred sixty-four constituent Provinces of the Federation”, and as such they are each wholly subordinated to the Regions-in-Assembly, or, in other words, to the [[Federal Duma (Russian DFR)|Russian Federal Duma]].<br />
<br />
Extending across the entirety of northern Orientia and much of Eastern Europa, Russia spans nine time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Poland, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia, and Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the State of Alaska across the Bering Strait.<br />
<br />
Russia, a [[Federalism in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Federation]] of [[Constituent entities of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|one hundred sixty-four Provinces, and two Federal Cities]], is a [[representative democracy|representative]] and [[Nordic model|Nordic-style]] [[social democracy]], and a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Republicanism in the Russian DFR|republic]]. With a large and well-organized welfare state, Russia is oftentimes equated as being “Sweden in federal form” and also “Sweden with Canadian characteristics”.<br />
<br />
The nation’s history began with that of the [[East Slavs]], who emerged as a recognizable group in Europa between the 1st and 5th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus’ arose in the 6th century. In 688 it adopted [[Orthodox Christianity]] from the [[Byzantine Empire]], beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus’ ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus’ lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus’. By the 15th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the [[Russian Empire]], which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland in Europa to Alaska in North Aegea.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{main|History of Russian vampires}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Early periods ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Russian Empire ===<br />
{{main|Old Russian Empire}}<br />
Originally, the Empire was organized as a [[unitary state]]. However, eventually the Empire reorganized under a [[federation|federal system]], and the [[Governorates of the Old Russian Empire|Governorates]] were replaced with a multi-tiered system of [[federated state|federating unit]]s, consisting of [[Cantons of the Old Russian Empire|Cantons]], [[Oblasts of the Old Russian Empire|Oblasts]] (provinces), [[Uyezds of the Old Russian Empire|Uyezds]] (counties), [[Krais of the Old Russian Empire|Krais]] (territories), and [[Okrugs of the Old Russian Empire|Okrugs]] (districts). The level of autonomy afforded to each type of federating unit varied widely between each type. Cantons were afforded fully insulated [[home rule]], the highest level of autonomy provided for in the [[Federation Act, 1064 (Old Russian Empire)|constitution]]. Following Cantons were the Provinces, which were granted wide-ranging autonomy and were largely left to their own devices. With no entrenched autonomy guaranteed by the Constitution to the Territories, these federating units had no power of their own, and could only exercise those powers that had been devolved to them by the Empire. Lastly, and with no autonomy or any form of self-government whatsoever were the Districts. Districts were de facto extensions of the Federal head, and as such were largely governed as Federal dependencies.<br />
=== Revolution and Russian Republic ===<br />
{{main|Russian Federative Republic}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Collaboration with Russian SFSR and Soviet Authorities ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Russian Democratic Federative Republic ===<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Government and politics ==<br />
{{main|Politics of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic}}<br />
Politics in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic take place under the framework of a [[Federal Charter for the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|constitutional]] [[Russian presidential system|presidential]] [[Federalism in Russia|federal]] [[Republicanism in Russia|republic]], in which majority Rule is tempered by minority Rights; and the Powers of government are [[Federal division of power|divided between two orders of government]] (Federal and Regional), and within each order the Powers of government are [[separation of powers|separated into three branches]] —namely the [[Legislative power (government)|legislative]], [[Executive power (government)|executive]], and [[Judicial power (government)|judicial]]— where the Powers of each are [[checks and balances|checked and balanced]] by the Powers of the other two: No one branch may exercise any of the Powers properly belonging to the other two —the Legislature cannot carry out (execute) or judge the law, the Executive cannot legislate or adjudicate, and the Courts cannot make or carry out the law. However, each branch slightly interferes with the operation of the other branches in such a way as to prevent any of them from becoming dominant. For example, Executive appointments of executive department Heads and federal Judges must be approved by the Senate in order to take office, and Treaties signed by the Tsar must then ratified by the Senate before they can be considered binding on the Russian Democratic Federative Republic (although the Senate has the sole Power to denounce and abrogate Treaties to which Russia is a party); the Tsar has the Power to veto (reject) legislation passed by the Federal Duma, which the Federal Duma may override by a vote in each House by two-thirds of the Members thereof, thereby passing the bill directly into Law over the Tsar’s objections; the Federal Duma, and not the Tsar, creates and abolishes executive agencies and funds or defunds them; the Federal Duma, and not the Tsar, has the Power of the purse; the Federal Duma can impeach and remove executive and judicial officers that bring their office into ill repute, or otherwise engage in criminal, incompetent, or otherwise improper behavior; and the Federal Courts may declare Federal Laws and regulations promulgated by the Executive not in comport with the Federal Constitution to be unconstitutional.<br />
=== Federalism ===<br />
{{wip|section}}<br />
{{main|Federalism in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic}}<br />
In Russia, the [[constituent entities of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Constituent Entities]] (Provinces and Federal Cities) are considered co-sovereign; sovereignty of the provinces and federal cities is passed on, not by the Tsar or the Federal Duma, but through the People themselves in their collective capacity as the source and fount of all sovereignty in and of Russia. This means that the People-as-Sovereign is “divided” into 167 legal jurisdictions; into 167 “Sovereignties” – one federal and one hundred sixty-six regional.<br />
<br />
[[Russian–Regional relations (Russian DFR)|Russian-Regional relations]] is a regular issue in Russian politics: Chechnya, among others, wish to preserve and strengthen their distinctive nature, eastern regions desire more control over their abundant natural resources, especially energy reserves; industrialized Western Russia is concerned with its manufacturing base, and the Pacific regions strive to escape from being less affluent than the rest of the Federation.<br />
<!--<br />
In order to ensure that social programs such as health care and education are funded consistently throughout Russia, the “have-not” (poorer) regions receive a proportionately greater share of federal “transfer (equalization) payments” than the richer, or “have”, regions do; this has been somewhat controversial. The richer regions often favour freezing transfer payments, or rebalancing the system in their favour, based on the claim that they already pay more in taxes than they receive in federal government services, and the poorer regions often favour an increase on the basis that the amount of money they receive is not sufficient for their existing needs.<br />
<br />
Particularly in the past decade, some scholars have argued that the federal government’s exercise of its unlimited constitutional spending power has contributed to strained Russian–Regional relations. This power, which allows the federal government to spend the revenue it raises in any way that it pleases, allows it to overstep the constitutional division of powers by creating programs that encroach on areas of Regional jurisdiction. The federal spending power is not expressly set out in the Constitution.<br />
<br />
A prime example of an exercise of the spending power is the Federation Health Act, which is a conditional grant of money to the Regions. Regulation of health services is, under the Constitution, a Regional responsibility. However, by making the funding available to the Regions under the Federation Health Act contingent upon delivery of services according to federal standards, the federal government has the ability to influence health care delivery. This spending power, coupled with Supreme Court rulings – such as Reference re Federal Assistance Plan (Karelia) – that have held that funding delivered under the spending power can be reduced unilaterally at any time, has contributed to strained Russian-Regional relations.<br />
--><br />
<br />
In the Russian Democratic Federative Republic the Sovereignty is vested exclusively in the People, and the exercise of the People’s sovereign Powers of the Russian State is divided between the Federation and the Regions. The Federation and the Regions, as constituting two separate divisions of the total Sovereignty of the Russian State, are each allocated exclusive jurisdiction over separate sets of legislative, executive, and judicial competence; however, Regional sovereignty resides exclusively in the People of the respective Regions in that the People in each of them and their Regional governments retain exclusive and supreme jurisdiction over all Classes of Subject Matter that have not been expressly and intentionally delegated to the Federation. Within their own fields of competence, the Federation and the Regions, respectively, are sovereign and supreme in their respective Authorities; and together, the Federal and the Regional Powers form one complete sovereign, where neither may reduce the other to itself (e.g., the Federation cannot abolish the Regions and absorb their Powers for itself, just as no Region can unilaterally abolish the Federation without the Consent of all one hundred sixty-six of them), and where the existence of each depends on the existence of both —e.g., the Federation cannot exist without the existence of the Regions, just as the Regions cannot exist without the Federation.<br />
<br />
Federalism in Russia is symmetrical, whereby the sovereignty possessed by and the sovereign Powers guaranteed to each Region is equal to that which is possessed by and guaranteed to all of the Regions. Under the [[Old Russian Empire]], the [[Basic Law of the Old Russian Empire|previous Constitution]] prescribed an [[Federalism in the Old Russian Empire|asymmetric federalism]], whereby some regions were more afforded more autonomy than were others, in which the least autonomous of them were, to all intents and purposes, merely local extensions of the Federal government (this system is known as a “[[federacy]]”).<br />
<br />
A decent amount of sovereign Power is retained by the individual Regions (“[[Federalism in Russia#Reserved powers|Reserved Powers]]”); only a specific (yet numerous) number of enumerated Classes of Subject Matter have been expressly and deliberately delegated to the Federation (“[[Federalism in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic#Enumerated Powers|Enumerated Powers]]”) to be exercised on behalf of all of the Regions and the People thereof for the benefit of all of them, respectively. Such enumerated Powers include those for providing for a regular and orderly system of trade between the Regions ([[Freedom of Movement, Labor, Capital, and Services (Russian DFR)|freedom of movement, labor, capital, and services between each Province]]); making Treaties with foreign States (however, the obligations of a Treaty are performed by whatever Power &ndash;Federal or Regional&ndash; that has competence over the Class or Classes of Subject Matter embraced in the Treaty); providing for the common Defense of the Regions and the Federation as a whole by raising and supporting Armies, providing and maintaining a Navy and an Air Force, and to provide a uniform, Federation-wide code of general (macro) military regulations for the [[Gendarmerie (Russian DFR)|respective Regional gendarmerie]]s; to make Rules for the Government of the Federal Army, Federal Navy, and Federal Air Force of Russia; to make uniform Rules for Governing such part of the Regional Gendarmeries that may, from time to time, be called into the express service of the Russian DFR (and each Region is reserved the Power to appoint and remove the Officers in its Gendarmerie); establishing Federal courts and defining their jurisdiction; establishing uniform, All-Russian Rules on the subjects of Naturalization and Bankruptcy; providing for an All-Russian meteorological Service; providing for a safe, regular, and ordered regime for the All-Russian Airspace; adjudicating disputes between two or more Regions; setting an uniform, All-Russian Standard on Weights and Measures; establishing and maintaining Post offices and Post routes; establishing throughout the Federation uniform, All-Russian Rules on the subjects of Copyright and Patent; providing reimbursement to the Regions for the efficient operation and maintenance of their respective systems of universal healthcare; defining and punishing Piracy and Crimes against the Law of Nations; and exercising exclusive jurisdiction, over all subjects whatsoever, over the Federal capital city of Petrograd as well as the Federal city of Moscow: All Powers not expressly and intentionally delegated to the Federation are perpetually and irrevocably retained exclusively by the Regions respectively or by the People.<br />
==== Status of Treaties at the Regional level ====<br />
The general Power to make Treaties with foreign States is (for the most part) exclusively vested in the Federation (that is to say, all one hundred sixty-six Regions in Federation Senate assembled), whereby the Tsar of the Russian DFR is vested with Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Federation Senate to make Treaties with foreign States, provided that two-thirds of the Senators concur; but the respective Regions retain full Power, insofar as to their reserved Powers, to make Treaties with each other and, with the Consent of all of them in Senate assembled, with foreign States. In addition, Treaties that have been signed by the Tsar, but have yet to be ratified by the Senate, are not binding on the Russian DFR unless and until ratification is achieved. However, the actual performance of a Treaty’s obligations (e.g., implementing the Treaty) falls to whatever Power, be it Federal or Regional, that has competence over the Class or Classes of Subject Matter embraced in the Treaty —Under Russian DFR constitutional law, a Treaty that has been signed and ratified is not ''[[ipso facto]]'' considered self-executing; but rather the obligations of a Treaty must be enacted into domestic law by whatever Legislature has jurisdiction over the Class or Classes of Subject Matter embraced in the Treaty, and depending on the Treaty and the Class or Classes of Subjects embraced therein, the obligations incurred by joining a Treaty could fall to the Federation, to the Regions, or both.<br />
<br />
=== The Federation ===<br />
{{main|Tsar of the Federation (Russian DFR)}}<br />
The Federal Head of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is the [[Tsar of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Tsar of the Federation]]. However, the actual exercise of executive Power is split between the Tsar and the [[Government of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Government which acts in and under His Majesty’s name and direction]]. Having no general, inherent power of its own, it is a government of limited jurisdiction, only competent to act exclusively on those Matters which, solely by the [[Constitution of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic, 1721|Federal Constitution]], have been expressly delegated to it. His Majesty’s Government (e.g., the Tsar and his ministers) may not increase its own power: HM Government may gain additional powers only by formal amendment to the Federal Constitution, a rather inherent and intentionally difficult undertaking requiring the concurrent approval of two-thirds of each House of the Federal Duma and the subsequent ratification by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the Regions.<br />
==== Federal Duma ====<br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_legis-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Federal Duma (Russian DFR)}}<br />
{{Imagebox.rounded|image=KB-RU_capitol1.jpg|width=184px|caption=[[Federation House (Russian DFR)|Federation House]], seat of the [[Federal Duma of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic]], the Federal legislative authority of the RDFR.|float=right}}<br />
The legislative Power of the Government of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is vested exclusively in the Federal Duma (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Федеральная Дума</span>) –officially the {{i|“Federal Duma of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Федеральная Дума Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>). The Federal Duma is a bicameral Legislature consisting of an upper house styled “Senate of the Federation” (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Сенат Федерации</span>) and a lower house called the “House of Assembly” (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Палата Собрания</span>). The consent of both Houses is necessary to pass legislation, whereafter it becomes law upon the approval of the Tsar, or if the Tsar vetoes the legislation, then upon the subsequent re-passing of the bill in each House by a two-thirds supermajority of the total Membership of each of them, respectively.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Senate}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_legisU-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span>{{main|Senate of the Federation (Russian DFR)}}<br />
The Senate of the Federation (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Сенат Федерации</span>), commonly known as the {{i|Senate of Russia}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Сенат России</span>), officially the {{i|“Senate of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Сенат Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), is the [[upper house]] of the Federal Duma of the RDFR, and through this Body the one hundred sixty-six Regions of Russia both, a) participate directly in the governance of the Federation at the Federal level, and, b) safeguard their residual Sovereignty.<br />
<br />
The composition of the Federation Senate is different from several other similar legislative Bodies representing Regions. Senators are not elected, but appointed by the Regional Governor by and with the Advice and Consent of the Regional Legislature. There are one hundred sixty-six Senators, one from each Region. In addition, each Region’s Senator is an at-will employee of the Governor, and their paycheck comes not from the Government of Russia, but from the Senator’s home Region. In addition, each Region has one Vote in the Senate, and the Senator from each Region must cast his Vote pursuant to instructions given to him by the Governor thereof. However, on Treaty ratification Votes, the Senator from each Region cast his Vote pursuant to instructions from the Legislature thereof.<br />
<br />
The Senate, to the exclusion of the Assembly, have the sole Power of ratifying Treaties signed by the Tsar, provided that the competence(s) embraced in the Treaty fall under Federal Jurisdiction (for Treaties embracing non-Federal competences, i.e., residual Regional competences, see [[#Status of Treaties at the Regional level|Status of Treaties at the Regional level]]). Without both the Tsar’s signature and the proper ratification, Treaties cannot be enforced in Russia; and until a Treaty is ratified, no obligations arising from the Treaty are binding on the Russian Democratic Federative Republic or any place subject to its jurisdiction. Also, the Senate have the sole Power of originating appropriations and other budget Bills, and of trying impeachment Cases brought forward by the Assembly (when the Tsar of Russia is tried, the Lawspeaker of the RDFR presides).<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|House of Assembly}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_legisL-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|House of Assembly (Russian DFR)}}<br />
The House of Assembly (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Палата Собрания</span>), officially the {{i|“House of Assembly of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Палата Собрания Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>) is the [[lower house]] of the [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Federal Duma, and is the Federal-level representation of the People of the respective 166 Regions. There are 580 Deputies, elected under a system of [[mixed-member proportional representation]] whereby 166 of the 580 Deputies are elected in one hundred sixty-six 1-member all-Region districts (one Deputy per entire Region) with the remaining 414 Deputies apportioned among the respective Regions reckoned according to population, and, in each of them, Deputies are elected on the basis of [[open-list]] proportional representation.<br />
<br />
==== Federal Executive ====<br />
{{main|Article II of the Russian DFR Federal Constitution}}<br />
The executive branch of the Russian DFR Federal Government consists of the [[Tsar of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic]] and the heads of the various ministries and agencies with ministry-level status. Together, the Tsar, ministers, and agency heads compose the [[Council of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Council of the Federation]] (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Совет Федерации</span>). The Federation Council is the Russian-equivalent to the [[council of ministers]] or [[Government (executive)|government]] in other states, and carries out (executes) the various Laws adopted by the [[Federal Duma of the Russian DFR|Federal Duma]]. According to the [[Constitution of the Russian DFR]], all executive Power of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is vested in the Tsar; however, in practice the Tsar delegates enforcement authority to his various ministers, with the Tsar maintaining oversight over the operation of the Federation’s executive and administrative apparatus.<br />
<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Tsar of the Federation}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_president-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Tsar of the Russian DFR}}<br />
{{Imagebox.rounded|image=KB-RU_petrograd-kremlin1.jpg|width=184px|caption=The [[Petrograd Kremlin|Kremlin]], seat of the Federal executive authority of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic.|float=right}}<br />
Even though the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is legally a Republic, the Executive effectively operates as a form of an elective and egalitarian quasi-monarchy (see: [[crowned republic]]), whereby the Tsar of the Federation is initially elected to a eight year Term by the People, but four Years into that eight-Year Term the Russian people are [[retention election|asked if the current Tsar should be retained in Office]] for another eight Years after his current Term expires. If the Vote is in the affirmative, then the Tsar retains his Commission for another Term (with another retention Election taking place halfway into the following Term), and the process repeats for as many times as necessary, until the retention of the incumbent is rejected at the polls and s/he finishes out the remainder of his/her Term, or resigns or is otherwise unable or unwilling to seek or serve another Term. If the sitting Tsar loses a retention Election, s/he finishes the remainder of his/her current Term –in addition, s/he must endure a four Year respite before seeking or serving another Term as Tsar or any post included in the Executive line of succession– and new Elections are held for the post of Tsar on the general Election Day in the Year next preceding the end of the current Term. Other than losing a retention Election, a sitting Tsar may only be removed from Office against his/her will by way of impeachment by the Assembly, and conviction by the Senate, for treason, bribery, or other serious crime —and persons removed from federal Office by impeachment are forever disqualified to hold public Office at the Federal level of government in Russia. In effect, this means that a Person serving as Tsar, so long as s/he does not bring the Office of Tsar into ill repute, and as long as s/he continues to maintain the Confidence of the Russian electorate, could effectively serve as Tsar for the rest of his/her life; although, in practice, this does not usually turn out to be the case. However, the office of Tsar is not hereditary: Whenever there is a Vacancy in the Office of Tsar by way of death, incapacitation, removal (by impeachment, losing an Election, or other), or resignation, Elections to fill the Vacancy in the Office of Tsar must take place on the next upcoming general Election Day. During such a Vacancy in the Office of Tsar, the Powers and Duties of the said Office devolve upon the Prime Minister in his official capacity as Tsar’s Deputy, or if there be no Prime Minister, then the Speaker of the Senate, followed by the Speaker of the Assembly, and then the various Secretaries of State in the order of the respective dates of establishment. Regardless of which official exercises the Powers and Duties of the Tsar, the person acting as such serves officially as Tsar-Regent until a new Tsar is elected, qualified, and thereafter sworn in.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Council of the Federation}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_government-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Council of the Federation (Russian DFR)}}<br />
To advise and assist the Tsar in the execution of his/her responsibilities, there is a council of ministers, styled as the [[Executive Council of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Executive Council of the Federation]] (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Исполнительный Совет Федераций</span>), officially the {{I|“Privy Council of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Тайный Совет Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), composed of the Prime Minister (officially styled the {{i|“Tsar’s Deputy”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Царский Заместитель</span>) and principle Officer in each of the various Federal Executive ministries and the heads of various Federal Agencies with ministry-level status. There are ten Federal Executive ministries (eleven, including the Prime Minister’s Office) and seven Federal Agencies with ministry-level status, as follows:<br />
*{{b|Federal ministries—}}<br />
: – [[Prime Minister’s Office (Russian DFR)|Federal Prime Minister’s Office]] ([[Prime Minister of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Prime Minister]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Regional Affairs (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Regional Affairs]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Regional Affairs (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Law and Justice (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Law]] ([[Attorney-General of the Russian DFR|Attorney-General and Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for National Defence (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for National Defence]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for National Defence (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Civil Defence (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Civil Defence]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Civil Defence (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Public Security (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Public Security]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Public Security (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for the Treasury (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for the Treasury]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for the Treasury (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Education and Public Enlightenment (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Education and Public Enlightenment]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Education and Public Enlightenment (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Trade (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Trade]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Trade (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Transport (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Transport]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Transport (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
<br />
*{{b|Federal agencies with ministry-level status—}}<br />
: – [[Federal Bank of Russia]] ([[Chairman of the Federal Bank of Russia|Chairman]])<br />
: – [[Office of the Federal Auditor-General (Russian DFR)|Office of the Federal Auditor-General]] ([[Auditor-General of the Russian DFR|Auditor-General]])<br />
: – [[Office of the Federal Ombudsman-General (Russian DFR)|Office of the Federal Ombudsman-General]] ([[Ombudsman-General of the Russian DFR|Ombudsman-General]])<br />
: – [[Federal Agency for Energy and Critical Infrastructure (Russian DFR)|Federal Agency for Energy and Critical Infrastructure]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Energy and Critical Infrastructure (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Agency for Environmental Protection (Russian DFR)|Federal Agency for Environmental Protection]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Environmental Protection (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Agency for Coast and Border Guard (Russian DFR)|Federal Agency for Coast and Border Guard]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for the Coast and Border Guard (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Agency for Immigration and Customs (Russian DFR)|Federal Agency for Immigration and Customs]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Immigration and Customs (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
<!--<br />
: – [[Federal Security Service (Russian DFR)|Federal Security Service (Okhrana)]]<br />
: – [[Federal Intelligence Service (Russian DFR)|Federal Intelligence Service]]<br />
: – [[Federal Signals Intelligence Service (Russian DFR)|Federal Signals Intelligence Service]]<br />
--><br />
<br />
==== Federal Courts ====<br />
{{main|Federal Judiciary of Russian DFR}}<br />
At the Federal level, judicial Power is vested in the federal Courts of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic, which consist of three different Courts, namely the Supreme Court of the RDFR, the Circuit Court of the RDFR, and the District Court of the RDFR. The Supreme Court has administrative oversight over all federal Courts in the RDFR.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Supreme Court}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_SupremeCourt-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Supreme Court of the Russian DFR}}<br />
{{Imagebox.rounded|image=KB-RU verkhovnyy-sud1.jpg|width=164px|caption=The [[Verkhovnyy Sud building]], seat of the [[Supreme Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic]], the highest Court in all of the RDFR.|float=right}}<br />
The Supreme Court of Russia (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Верховный Суд России</span>), offically the {{i|“Supreme Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Верховный Суд Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), is the final Court of last resort, as well as the final appellate Court in the Russian Federal judiciary. The Supreme Court consists of fifteen judges, styled “Lawspeaker”, one of which who presides over the Court as [[Chief Lawspeaker of the Supreme Court (Russian DFR)|Chief Lawspeaker]]. The person holding the post of Chief Lawspeaker is the titular head of the Russian Federal judiciary.<br />
<br />
The Court is also the final interpreter of the Russian Federal Constitution and of the constitutionality of Federal laws with respect to the Federal Constitution. The Supreme Court has limited Power to strike down Regional laws, only able to do so where a Regional constitutional provision or law conflicts with the Federal Constitution or Federal law.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Circuit Court}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_CircuitCourt-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Circuit Court of the Russian DFR}}<br />
The Circuit Court of Russia (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Кругооборотй Суд России</span>), officially the {{i|“Circuit Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Кругооборотй Суд Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), is an intermediate appellate Court, but it is not a trial court. This Court can only review civil and criminal cases tried in District Court and, in certain circumstances, Regional Court, but only where there is a Federal question present. The Circuit Court is divided into nine regional Circuits, and each Circuit encompasses eight Regions and the District Court divisions conterminous with each of those eight Regions.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|District Court}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_DistrictCourt-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|District Court of the Russian DFR}}<br />
The District Court of Russia (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Окружный Суд России</span>), officially the {{i|“District Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Окружный Суд Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), is the Federal-level trial Court, and has limited jurisdiction over a few civil and criminal Matters under Federal law; all other Federal civil and criminal Matters not assigned to this Court by the Federal Duma are devolved by the same to the Courts of the several Regions. The District Court is constituted as a single Court, but with a number of divisions equal to the number of Regions. Usually, a District Court division is based in a Region’s capital city, but in more populous Regions the Court for that Region may meet in additional places.<br />
<br />
=== Regions ===<br />
{{main|Constituent entities of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic}}<br />
{{Imagebox.rounded|image=RuDFR_map-Subdivisions(Red-Gradient).svg|caption=The Russian DFR is a Federal republic composed of [[Constituent entities of the Russian DFR|one hundred sixty-six self-governing federated Regions]]. The Russian DFR focuses outwards, largely only dealing with foreign affairs, national defense, national security, and maintaining peace and harmony between the one hundred sixty-six Regions and between them and the Federation; and the one hundred sixty-six Regions, respectively, focus inward, governing on all local matters, and on all other matters not expressly transferred by the [[Constitution of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Federal Constitution]] to Russia (the Federal sovereign).|float=right}}<br />
The Russian Democratic Federative Republic is a federation of one hundred sixty-six nominally semi-autonomous Regions. Each Region of the Russian DFR is styled in the form “[Province/Federal City] of (name)”; and each has its own governing institutions consisting of legislative, executive, and judicial bodies that operate independently from those of the Federation and from those of the other Regions.<br />
<br />
Additionally, the one hundred sixty-six Regions are not subordinated to the Federal head, nor is the Federation subordinate to the Regions. The Federation and the Regions are two halves of the same whole mass of sovereign Power: Each, when acting solely within its own remit, is supreme; when acting outside its remit, being totally unauthoritative; and neither the Federation nor the Regions may reduce the other to itself.<br />
==== List ====<br />
{{Russian provinces table}}<br />
{{clear}}<br />
==== Government ====<br />
===== Legislature =====<br />
{{main|Regional parliament (Russian DFR)}}<br />
{{see also|Regional senate (Russian DFR)|Regional assembly (Russian DFR)}}<br />
XXXX<br />
===== Executive =====<br />
{{main|Regional knyaz (Russian DFR)}}<br />
{{related|Regional council of state (Russian DFR)}}<br />
XXXX<br />
===== Judicial =====<br />
{{main|Regional court (Russia)}}<br />
{{see also|Regional supreme court (Russian DFR)|Regional intermediate appellate court (Russian DFR)|Regional superior court (Russian DFR)|Regional police court (Russian DFR)}}<br />
XXXX<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<!--<br />
== Geography ==<br />
{{main|Geography of the Russian DFR}}<br />
Russia is the largest country on Kobol, boasting more than 17 million square kilometres of territory. From Pskov in the west to Chukotka in the east, Russia spans ten time zones, or a span of a little less than one-half the circumference of Kobol.<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
{{main|Climate of the Russian DFR}}<br />
Most of Russia experiences a continental climate.<br />
=== Topography ===<br />
--><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
{{Main|Geography of the Russian DFR}}<br />
{{See also|List of Russian explorers}}<br />
[[File:KB-RU_map-relief.png|thumb|The topography of the Russian DFR]]<br />
The Russian Democratic Federative Republic is the second largest country on Kobol, boasting more than 17 million square kilometres of territory. The only country larger than Russia is the [[United Aegean Republic]]. From Pskov in the west to Chukotka in the east, the Federation spans nine time zones, or a span of a little less than one-half the circumference of Kobol; the total area of the Federation is {{convert|17060300|km2|sqmi|0}}. In the Russian DFR, there are 23 UNESCO [[World Heritage Sites in Russia]], 40 UNESCO [[biosphere reserve]]s, NUM [[National parks of the Russian DFR|national parks]] and 101 [[Zapovednik|nature reserves]]. <!--The Federation lies between latitudes [[41st parallel north|41°]] and [[82nd parallel north|82° N]], and longitudes [[19th meridian east|19° E]] and [[169th meridian west|169° W]].--><br />
<br />
Russia has a wide natural resource base, including major deposits of timber, petroleum, natural gas, coal, platinum, gold, iron, uranium, tiberium, ores and other mineral resources.<br />
=== Protected areas ===<br />
{{main|Protected areas of the Russian DFR|National Parks of the Russian DFR|National Forests of the Russian DFR}}<br />
=== Topography ===<br />
{{main|Topography of the Russian DFR|Mountains of the Russian DFR}}<br />
<!--<br />
The two widest separated points in Russia are about {{convert|8000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} apart along a [[geodesic]] line. These points are: the boundary with Poland on a {{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long [[Vistula Spit]] separating the [[Gdańsk Bay]] from the [[Vistula Lagoon]]; and the farthest southeast of the [[Kuril Islands]]. The points which are furthest separated in [[longitude]] are {{convert|6600|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} apart along a geodesic line. These points are: in the west, the same spit; in the east, the [[Big Diomede Island]]. The Russian Democratic Federative Republic spans 9 [[time zone]]s.<br />
--><br />
[[File:Elbrus North 195.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lonely Mountain]], the highest point of the [[Caucasus]], Russia and Europa]]<br />
Most of Russia consists of vast stretches of plains that are predominantly [[steppe]] to the south and heavily forested to the north, with [[tundra]] along the northern coast. Russia possesses 10% of the planet's [[arable land]]. Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]] (containing [[Lonely Mountain]], which at {{convert|5642|m|0|abbr=on}} is the highest point in both Russia and Europa) and the [[Altai Mountains|Altai]] (containing [[Mount Belukha]], which at the {{convert|4506|m|0|abbr=on}} is the highest point of Siberia outside of the [[Russian Far East]]); and in the eastern parts, such as the [[Verkhoyansk Range]] or the volcanoes of [[Province of Kamchatka|Kamchatka]] [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Peninsula]] (containing [[Klyuchevskaya Sopka]], which at the {{convert|4750|m|0|abbr=on}} is the highest [[active volcano]] in Eurasia as well as the highest point of [[Oriential Russia]]). The [[Ural Mountains]], rich in mineral resources, form a north-south range that divides Europa and Orientia.<br />
<br />
Russia has an extensive coastline of over {{convert|37000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as along the [[Baltic Sea]], [[Sea of Azov]], [[Black Sea]] and [[Caspian Sea]]. The [[Barents Sea]], [[White Sea]], [[Kara Sea]], [[Laptev Sea]], [[East Siberian Sea]], [[Chukchi Sea]], [[Bering Sea]], [[Sea of Okhotsk]], and the [[Sea of Japan]] are linked to Russia via the Arctic and Pacific. Russia's major islands and archipelagos include [[Novaya Zemlya]], the [[Franz Josef Land]], the [[Severnaya Zemlya]], the [[New Siberian Islands]], [[Wrangel Island]], the [[Kuril Islands]], and [[Sakhalin]]. The [[Diomede Islands]] (one controlled by Russia, the other by Alaska of the United States) are just {{convert|3|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} apart, and [[Kunashir Island]] is about {{convert|20|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} from [[Hokkaido]], Japan.<br />
<br />
[[File:Осетр река.jpg|thumb|right|[[Central Russian Upland]] near [[Zaraysk]], [[Podmoskovye Republic]].]]<br />
Russia [[Rivers in the Russian DFR|has thousands of rivers]] and inland bodies of water, providing the Federation with one of the planet’s largest surface water resources. Russia's lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the planet’s liquid [[fresh water]]. The largest and most prominent of Russia’s bodies of fresh water is [[Lake Baikal]], the planet’s deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake. Baikal alone contains over one-fifth of the planet’s fresh surface water. Other major lakes include [[Lake Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Lake Onega|Onega]], two of the [[largest lakes in Europe]]. <!--Russia is second only to Brazil in volume of the [[total renewable water resources]]. -->Of the Federation's 100,000 rivers, the [[Volga]] is the most famous, not only because it is the [[longest river in Europa]], but also because of its major role in Russian history. The Siberian rivers [[Ob River|Ob]], [[Yenisey]], [[Lena River|Lena]] and [[Amur River|Amur]] are among the [[Rivers of Kobol|longest rivers in the world]].<br />
<br />
=== Geology ===<br />
{{main|Geology of the Russian DFR|Volcanoes of the Russian DFR|Earthquakes in the Russian DFR|Mining industry of the Russian DFR|Petroleum industry of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Natural hazards ===<br />
{{main|Natural hazards in the Russian DFR}}<br />
The Russian DFR is prone to destructive earthquakes in the Caucasus, Sakha-Baikal, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka-Kuril regions. The country is also rather volcanically active in the Caucasus, Kamchatka-Kuril, and Baikal regions.<br />
=== Natural and mineral resources ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
{{Main|Climate of the Russian DFR}}<br />
[[File:Archangelsk taiga.JPG|thumb|left|[[Taiga]] forest in winter, [[Arkhangelsk Republic]]]]<br />
The enormous size of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the [[humid continental climate]], which is prevalent in all parts of the Federation except for the tundra and the extreme southeast. Mountains in the south obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian Ocean, while the plain of the west and north makes the Federation open to Arctic and Atlantic influences.<br />
<br />
Most of Northern European Russia and Siberia has a [[subarctic climate]], with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia (mostly the [[Yakut Republic]], where the Northern [[Pole of Cold]] is located with the record low temperature of {{convert|−71.2|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}), and more moderate elsewhere. The strip of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the [[Russian Arctic islands]], have a [[polar climate]].<br />
<br />
The coastal part of [[Krasnodar]] on the Black Sea, most notably in the province’s capital of [[Sochi]], possesses a [[humid subtropical climate]] with mild and wet winters. Winter is dry compared to summer in many regions of East Siberia and the Far East, while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the Federation usually falls as snow. The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some areas of southernmost Siberia, possesses a [[semi-arid climate]].<br />
{{Weather box<br />
|location = Russian DFR (records)<br />
|collapsed =<br />
|metric first = Y<br />
|single line = Y<br />
|Jan record high C = 22.2<br />
|Feb record high C = 23.8<br />
|Mar record high C = 30.3<br />
|Apr record high C = 34.0<br />
|May record high C = 37.7<br />
|Jun record high C = 43.2<br />
|Jul record high C = 45.4<br />
|Aug record high C = 43.5<br />
|Sep record high C = 41.5<br />
|Oct record high C = 33.7<br />
|Nov record high C = 29.1<br />
|Dec record high C = 25.0<br />
|year record high C = 45.4<br />
|Jan record low C = −71.2<br />
|Feb record low C = −64.4<br />
|Mar record low C = −60.6<br />
|Apr record low C = −46.4<br />
|May record low C = −28.9<br />
|Jun record low C = −9.7<br />
|Jul record low C = −9.3<br />
|Aug record low C = −17.1<br />
|Sep record low C = −25.3<br />
|Oct record low C = −47.6<br />
|Nov record low C = −58.5<br />
|Dec record low C = −62.8<br />
|year record low C = −71.2<br />
|date=August 1710<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Throughout much of the Federation there are only two distinct seasons—winter and summer—as spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low temperatures and extremely high. The coldest month is January (February on the coastline), the warmest usually is July. Great ranges of temperature are typical. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia. The continental interiors are the driest areas.<br />
=== Biodiversity ===<br />
{{Main|List of ecoregions in the Russian DFR|List of mammals of the Russian DFR|List of birds of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Foreign relations ==<br />
{{main|Foreign relations of the Russian DFR|Foreign policy of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<!--<br />
=== Russian DFR–Kobol relations ===<br />
{{main|Russian DFR in the United Nations}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Preeminent bilateral ties ===<br />
==== Chinese Empire-Russian DFR relations ====<br />
{{main|Chinese Empire-Russian DFR relations}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== European Confederacy-Russian DFR relations ====<br />
{{main|European Confederacy-Russian DFR relations}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Japan-Russian DFR relations ====<br />
{{main|Japan-Russian DFR relations}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Russian DFR-United States of South Aegea relations ====<br />
{{main|Russian DFR-VACUSSA relations}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Russian DFR-United States of North Aegea relations ====<br />
{{main|Russian DFR-VACUSNA relations}}<br />
XXXX<br />
--><br />
<br />
== Defense and homeland security ==<br />
{{main|Ministry of Defence and Emergency Situations (Russian DFR)}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Military of Russia ===<br />
{{main|Russian DFR Armed Services|Russian Federal Army|Russian Federal Navy|Russian Federal Air Force|Russian DFR Strategic Rocket Forces}}<br />
The Russian DFR military have global reach, able to deploy or strike any point on Kobol with relative ease.<br />
=== Emergency management ===<br />
{{main|Emergency management in the Russian DFR|Civil defense in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Law enforcement ==<br />
{{main|Law enforcement in the Russian DFR}}<br />
Pursuant to the Basic Law of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic, the Regions respectively retain primary competence over the police Power. The police forces of each Region enforce both Regional and Federal law.<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
{{main|Economy of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Agriculture ===<br />
{{main|Agriculture sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Industry ===<br />
{{main|Industry sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Infrastructure ===<br />
{{main|Infrastructure of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Science and technology ====<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Transportation ====<br />
{{main|Transportation in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Energy ====<br />
{{main|Energy in the Russian DFR|Energy policy of the Russian DFR|Electricity sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Telecommunications ====<br />
{{main|Telecom in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Manufacturing ===<br />
{{main|Manufacturing sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Services ===<br />
{{main|Service sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Space exploration ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Business climate ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Taxation ===<br />
{{main|Taxation in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Tourism ===<br />
{{main|Tourism in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{main|Demographics of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Largest cities ===<br />
{{main|List of cities in the Russian DFR with a population above 10,000}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Urbanization ===<br />
{{main|Urbanization in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Language ===<br />
{{main|Russian language|Languages of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Religion ===<br />
{{main|Religion in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Health ===<br />
{{main|Health and care in the Russian DFR|Provincial health services in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Education ===<br />
{{main|Education in the Russian DFR|Education policy of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Age and gender ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Ethnic groups ===<br />
{{main|Ethnic groups of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Immigration and emigration ===<br />
{{main|Immigration to the Russian DFR|Illegal immigration to the Russian DFR|Immigration policy of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Wealth ===<br />
{{main|Wealth in the Russian DFR|Poverty in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
{{main|Culture of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Folk culture ===<br />
{{main|Russian traditions and values|Folk culture of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Etiquette ===<br />
{{main|Etiqutte of the Russian DFR}}<br />
Russian society is very formal.<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Cuisine ===<br />
{{main|Cuisine of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Architecture ===<br />
{{main|Architecture of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Visual arts ===<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Theatre ====<br />
{{main|Theatre in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Music and dance ===<br />
{{main|Music of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Literature and philosophy ===<br />
{{main|Literature in the Russian DFR|Russian philosophy}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Cinema, animation and media ===<br />
{{main|Cinema in the Russian DFR|Media in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Sports ===<br />
{{main|Sport in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== National holidays and symbols ===<br />
{{main|Holidays in the Russian DFR|Symbols of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Tourism ===<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
[[category:Russian Democratic Federative Republic]]<br />
[[category:Federal states]]<br />
[[category:Presidential states]]<br />
[[category:Vampire states]]<br />
[[category:Constitutional states]]<br />
[[category:Republics]]</div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=Russian_Democratic_Federative_Republic&diff=41187Russian Democratic Federative Republic2024-03-19T15:30:30Z<p>Andreios: /* Federal Executive */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{WiP}}<br />
{{Redirect|Russian DFR|other uses of “Russia”|Russia (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
<!-- --><br />
|conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|1=<span style="font-Size:100%;"><span style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Cambria, serif !important;">Russian Democratic Federative Republic</span></span>}}<br />
|native_name = {{nowrap|1=<span style="font-family:Exo2, sans-serif !important;padding:0;font-Size:75%;">Российская Демократическая Федеративная Республика</span><br />''Rossijskaja Demokratičeskaja Federativnaja Respublika''}}<br />
|common_name=Russian DFR<br />
<!-- --><br />
|image_flag= Flag_of_Russian_DFR-(16;9).svg<br />
|alt_flag=Flag of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic<br />
|flag_width=160px<br />
|image_symbol=RuDFR_arms-Federal_Arms_(166-stars).svg<br />
|alt_symbol=Emblem of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic<br />
|symbol_width=88px<br />
|symbol_type=Emblem<br />
<!-- --><br />
|other_symbol_type=<div style=padding-top:10px;>Government seal</div><br />
|other_symbol=<div style=padding-bottom:10px;>[[File:RU-RU_seal-Russian_Democratic_Federative_Republic-2021.svg|90px]]</div><br />
<!-- --><br />
|national_motto={{lang2|ru|Единая и неделимая Россия!|nocat=y}}<br />{{lang2|ru-Latn|Yedinaya i nedelimaya Rossiya!|nocat=y}}<br />{{small|(“United and indivisible Russia!”)}}<!-- <br /><i>and</i><br />{{lang2|cu|[[In hoc signo vinces|Симъ побѣдиши!]]}}<br>{{lang2|cu-Latn|Simŭ pobědiši!}}<br>{{small|(“In this, conquer!”)}} --><br />
<!-- --><br />
|national_anthem=“[[Patriotic Song (Russia)|<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Над Отчизной Величаво</span>]]”{{br}}“{{i|Nad Otčiznoj Veličavo}}” <small>(transliteration)</small>{{br}}<youtube width="250" height="25">J4KU-1x5dD8<!-- SEYqLaSA5IU --></youtube>{{br}}{{i|1=[[Patriotic Song (Russia)|Proudly Above the Fatherland]]}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|image_map=icon-spacer.png<br />
|alt_map=Location of the Russian DFR on Kobol<br />
|map_caption=<div style="font-size:85% !important;text-align:center !important;font-weight:500 !important;color:#777 !important;"><hr style="color:#BBB !important;background-color:#BBB !important;bgcolor:#BBB !important;height:1px !important;" />The Russian Democratic Federative Republic<div style="padding:2em 2em 0 2em;">[[File:Russian_DFR_(orthographic_projection).svg|250px|center]]</div></div><br />
|map_width=1px<br />
|image_map2=icon-spacer.png<br />
|alt_map2=Map of the Republics, Provinces, and Federal Cities of the Russian DFR<br />
|map_caption2=<div><div style="font-size:85% !important;text-align:center !important;font-weight:500 !important;color:#777 !important;"><hr style="color:#BBB !important;background-color:#BBB !important;bgcolor:#BBB !important;height:1px !important;" />The Republics, Provinces, and Federal Cities of the Russian DFR<div style="padding:2em 2em 0 2em;">[[File:RuDFR_map-Subdivisions.svg|250px|center]]</div></div><!-- <div style="text-align:left !important;padding:0 6em !important;font-size:90% !important;color:#777 !important;">{{div col}}<br />
{{Legend|#F58B56|[[Oblasts of the Russian DFR|Provinces]] (49)}}<br />
{{Legend|#269BA9|[[Republics of the Russian DFR|Republics]] (21)}}<br />
{{Legend|#E5FF00|[[Federal cities of the Russian DFR|Federal cities]] (2)}}<br />
{{div col end}}</div> --><br />
<div style="padding:2em 0 0 0 !important;"><hr style="color:#BBB !important;background-color:#BBB !important;bgcolor:#BBB !important;height:1px !important;" /></div></div><br />
|map2_width=1px<br />
<!-- --><br />
|capital=[[Petrograd]]<br />
|largest_city=[[Moscow]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|official_languages={{lang|Russian}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|demonym=<!--<br />
-->{{collapsible list<!--<br />
-->|titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;<!--<br />
-->|title={{flagicon|Russian DFR}} [[Russians|Russian]]<!--<br />
-->| <!--<br />
-->}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|government_type=[[Federalism in the Russian DFR|Federal]] [[Federal Charter for the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|constitutional]]<br/>[[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[Republicanism in the Russian DFR|republic]]<br />
|leader_title1=[[Tsar of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Tsar]]<br />
|leader_name1=[[Oleg Vyacheslavovich Pozharsky|O. V. Pozharsky]]<br />
|leader_title2=[[Prime Minister of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Prime Minister]]<br />
|leader_name2=[[Viktor Vladimirovich Suvorov|V. V. Suvorov]]<br />
|leader_title3=[[Speaker of the Senate of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Speaker, Senate]]<br />
|leader_name3=[[Natasha Aleskeyevna Zubkov|N. A. Zubkov]]<br />
|leader_title4=[[Speaker of the House of Assembly (Russian DFR)|Speaker, Assembly]]<br />
|leader_name4=[[Aleksandr Vyacheslavovich Gryzlov|A. V. Gryzlov]]<br />
|leader_title5=[[Chief Lawspeaker of the Supreme Court (Russian DFR)|Chief Lawspeaker]]<br />
|leader_name5=[[Dmitri Andreyevich Savachenko|D. A. Savachenko]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|legislature=[[Federal Duma (Russian DFR)|Federal Duma]]<br />
|upper_house=[[Senate of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Senate]]<br />
|lower_house=[[House of Assembly (Russian DFR)|Assembly]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|sovereignty_type=Constitutional history<br />
|established_event1={{nowrap|Arrival of [[Rurik of Novgorod|Rurik]]}}<br />
|established_date1=ca. 562<br />
|established_event2=[[Kyivan Rus']]<br />
|established_date2=ca. 582<br />
|established_event3=[[Grand Duchy of Moscow]]<br />
|established_date3=ca. 983<br />
|established_event4=[[Tsardom of Russia]]<br />
|established_date4=16 January 1247<br />
|established_event5=[[Old Russian Empire]]<br />
|established_date5=22 October 1421<br />
|established_event6=[[Constitution of the Russian DFR, 1721|Current constitution]]<br />
|established_date6=22 October 1721<br />
<!-- --><br />
|area_rank=<br />
|area_magnitude=1 E12<br />
|area_km2=17060300<br />
|percent_water=13.0<br />
<!-- --><br />
|highestPoint=[[Lonely Mountain|<!--Одинока Гора-->Lonely Mountain]]<br />
|highestElev_m=5642<br />
|meanElev_m=2810<br />
|lowestPoint=[[Caspian Sea]]<br />
|lowestElev_m=-22<br />
<!-- --><br />
|population_estimate=36744636 <br />
|population_estimate_rank=<br />
|population_estimate_year=1713<br />
|population_census=36743897<br />
|population_census_year=1712<br />
|population_density_km2=5.77<br />
|population_density_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|GDP_PPP=$3.161<!-- 3,160,871,586,104 --><br />
|GDP_PPP_magnitude=12<br />
|GDP_PPP_rank=<br />
|GDP_PPP_year=1713<br />
|GDP_PPP_per_capita=$32,104<br />
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=<br />
|GDP_nominal=2.189<!-- 2,189,203,219,234.149 --><br />
|GDP_nominal_magnitude=12<br />
|GDP_nominal_rank=<br />
|GDP_nominal_year=1713<br />
|GDP_nominal_per_capita=$22,235<br />
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|Gini_year=1711<br />
|Gini_change=steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
|Gini=35.9<br />
<!-- --><br />
|HDI_year=1710<br />
|HDI_change=increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
|HDI=0.865<br />
<!-- --><br />
|QLI=6.891<br />
|QLI_change=increase<br />
|QLI_rank=??<br />
|QLI_year=1710<br />
<!-- --><br />
|IEF=69.4<br />
|IEF_change=increase<br />
|IEF_rank=??<br />
|IEF_year=1710<br />
<!-- --><br />
|currency=[[Ruble]]<br />
|currency_code=RUB<br />
|currency_symbol={{RUB}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|utc_offset=+5 to +12<br />
|utc_offset_DST=+5 to +12<br />
|time_zone_DST=not observed<br />
<!-- --><br />
|date_format={{b|Kobol}} ([[New Era|NE]]):<br/> - dd.mm.yyyy<br/>{{b|Galactic}} ([[Galactic Congressional Time|GCT]]):<br/> - cccc<sup>a, b</sup>.ddd<sup>c</sup><br />
<!-- --><br />
|drives_on=right<br />
<!-- --><br />
|cctld=[[.ru]]<!--<br/>&#42;.gov.'''ru'''<br/>&#42;.mil.'''ru'''<br/>&#42;.org.'''ru'''<br/>&#42;.edu.'''ru''<br/>&#42;.co.''ru'''--><br />
<!-- --><br />
|calling_code=+7<br />
<!-- --><br />
|footnote_a="Congress" as a ''particular meeting'' of the [[Congress of the Galactic Republic|Galactic Congress]]<br />
|footnote_b=The current congress is the [[1074th Congress of the Republic|1074th]]<br />
|footnote_c=Day of current Congress (days 1 through 365)<br />
}}<br />
{{b|Russia}} ({{lang|Russian}}: <span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Россия</span>), officially the {{b|Russian Democratic Federative Republic}} ({{lang|Russian}}: <span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Российская Демократическая Федеративная Республика</span>), sometimes shortened to just {{b|RDFR}} (Russian: <span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">РДФР</span>), is a federal constitutional presidential vampire republic straddling the continents of [[Europa]] and [[Orientia]]. Russia is geopolitically part of [[Europa]], and is composed of one hundred sixty-six self-governing [[constituent entities of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|constituent entities]] that have been [[Federalism in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|irreversibly delegated a massive range of competence]] by the [[Federal Government of the Russian DFR|Russian Federal Government]]; [[Federal City of Petrograd (Russian DFR)|Petrograd]] as the [[Federal capital]] of the Russian DFR, as well as [[Federal City of Moscow (Russian DFR)|Moscow]] (as the alternate capital), are not provinces but federal cities in the form of respective “common space[s] of all one hundred sixty-four constituent Provinces of the Federation”, and as such they are each wholly subordinated to the Regions-in-Assembly, or, in other words, to the [[Federal Duma (Russian DFR)|Russian Federal Duma]].<br />
<br />
Extending across the entirety of northern Orientia and much of Eastern Europa, Russia spans nine time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Poland, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia, and Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the State of Alaska across the Bering Strait.<br />
<br />
Russia, a [[Federalism in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Federation]] of [[Constituent entities of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|one hundred sixty-four Provinces, and two Federal Cities]], is a [[representative democracy|representative]] and [[Nordic model|Nordic-style]] [[social democracy]], and a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Republicanism in the Russian DFR|republic]]. With a large and well-organized welfare state, Russia is oftentimes equated as being “Sweden in federal form” and also “Sweden with Canadian characteristics”.<br />
<br />
The nation’s history began with that of the [[East Slavs]], who emerged as a recognizable group in Europa between the 1st and 5th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus’ arose in the 6th century. In 688 it adopted [[Orthodox Christianity]] from the [[Byzantine Empire]], beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus’ ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus’ lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus’. By the 15th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the [[Russian Empire]], which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland in Europa to Alaska in North Aegea.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{main|History of Russian vampires}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Early periods ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Russian Empire ===<br />
{{main|Old Russian Empire}}<br />
Originally, the Empire was organized as a [[unitary state]]. However, eventually the Empire reorganized under a [[federation|federal system]], and the [[Governorates of the Old Russian Empire|Governorates]] were replaced with a multi-tiered system of [[federated state|federating unit]]s, consisting of [[Cantons of the Old Russian Empire|Cantons]], [[Oblasts of the Old Russian Empire|Oblasts]] (provinces), [[Uyezds of the Old Russian Empire|Uyezds]] (counties), [[Krais of the Old Russian Empire|Krais]] (territories), and [[Okrugs of the Old Russian Empire|Okrugs]] (districts). The level of autonomy afforded to each type of federating unit varied widely between each type. Cantons were afforded fully insulated [[home rule]], the highest level of autonomy provided for in the [[Federation Act, 1064 (Old Russian Empire)|constitution]]. Following Cantons were the Provinces, which were granted wide-ranging autonomy and were largely left to their own devices. With no entrenched autonomy guaranteed by the Constitution to the Territories, these federating units had no power of their own, and could only exercise those powers that had been devolved to them by the Empire. Lastly, and with no autonomy or any form of self-government whatsoever were the Districts. Districts were de facto extensions of the Federal head, and as such were largely governed as Federal dependencies.<br />
=== Revolution and Russian Republic ===<br />
{{main|Russian Federative Republic}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Collaboration with Russian SFSR and Soviet Authorities ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Russian Democratic Federative Republic ===<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Government and politics ==<br />
{{main|Politics of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic}}<br />
Politics in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic take place under the framework of a [[Federal Charter for the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|constitutional]] [[Russian presidential system|presidential]] [[Federalism in Russia|federal]] [[Republicanism in Russia|republic]], in which majority Rule is tempered by minority Rights; and the Powers of government are [[Federal division of power|divided between two orders of government]] (Federal and Regional), and within each order the Powers of government are [[separation of powers|separated into three branches]] —namely the [[Legislative power (government)|legislative]], [[Executive power (government)|executive]], and [[Judicial power (government)|judicial]]— where the Powers of each are [[checks and balances|checked and balanced]] by the Powers of the other two: No one branch may exercise any of the Powers properly belonging to the other two —the Legislature cannot carry out (execute) or judge the law, the Executive cannot legislate or adjudicate, and the Courts cannot make or carry out the law. However, each branch slightly interferes with the operation of the other branches in such a way as to prevent any of them from becoming dominant. For example, Executive appointments of executive department Heads and federal Judges must be approved by the Senate in order to take office, and Treaties signed by the Tsar must then ratified by the Senate before they can be considered binding on the Russian Democratic Federative Republic (although the Senate has the sole Power to denounce and abrogate Treaties to which Russia is a party); the Tsar has the Power to veto (reject) legislation passed by the Federal Duma, which the Federal Duma may override by a vote in each House by two-thirds of the Members thereof, thereby passing the bill directly into Law over the Tsar’s objections; the Federal Duma, and not the Tsar, creates and abolishes executive agencies and funds or defunds them; the Federal Duma, and not the Tsar, has the Power of the purse; the Federal Duma can impeach and remove executive and judicial officers that bring their office into ill repute, or otherwise engage in criminal, incompetent, or otherwise improper behavior; and the Federal Courts may declare Federal Laws and regulations promulgated by the Executive not in comport with the Federal Constitution to be unconstitutional.<br />
=== Federalism ===<br />
{{wip|section}}<br />
{{main|Federalism in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic}}<br />
In Russia, the [[constituent entities of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Constituent Entities]] (Provinces and Federal Cities) are considered co-sovereign; sovereignty of the provinces and federal cities is passed on, not by the Tsar or the Federal Duma, but through the People themselves in their collective capacity as the source and fount of all sovereignty in and of Russia. This means that the People-as-Sovereign is “divided” into 167 legal jurisdictions; into 167 “Sovereignties” – one federal and one hundred sixty-six regional.<br />
<br />
[[Russian–Regional relations (Russian DFR)|Russian-Regional relations]] is a regular issue in Russian politics: Chechnya, among others, wish to preserve and strengthen their distinctive nature, eastern regions desire more control over their abundant natural resources, especially energy reserves; industrialized Western Russia is concerned with its manufacturing base, and the Pacific regions strive to escape from being less affluent than the rest of the Federation.<br />
<!--<br />
In order to ensure that social programs such as health care and education are funded consistently throughout Russia, the “have-not” (poorer) regions receive a proportionately greater share of federal “transfer (equalization) payments” than the richer, or “have”, regions do; this has been somewhat controversial. The richer regions often favour freezing transfer payments, or rebalancing the system in their favour, based on the claim that they already pay more in taxes than they receive in federal government services, and the poorer regions often favour an increase on the basis that the amount of money they receive is not sufficient for their existing needs.<br />
<br />
Particularly in the past decade, some scholars have argued that the federal government’s exercise of its unlimited constitutional spending power has contributed to strained Russian–Regional relations. This power, which allows the federal government to spend the revenue it raises in any way that it pleases, allows it to overstep the constitutional division of powers by creating programs that encroach on areas of Regional jurisdiction. The federal spending power is not expressly set out in the Constitution.<br />
<br />
A prime example of an exercise of the spending power is the Federation Health Act, which is a conditional grant of money to the Regions. Regulation of health services is, under the Constitution, a Regional responsibility. However, by making the funding available to the Regions under the Federation Health Act contingent upon delivery of services according to federal standards, the federal government has the ability to influence health care delivery. This spending power, coupled with Supreme Court rulings – such as Reference re Federal Assistance Plan (Karelia) – that have held that funding delivered under the spending power can be reduced unilaterally at any time, has contributed to strained Russian-Regional relations.<br />
--><br />
<br />
In the Russian Democratic Federative Republic the Sovereignty is vested exclusively in the People, and the exercise of the People’s sovereign Powers of the Russian State is divided between the Federation and the Regions. The Federation and the Regions, as constituting two separate divisions of the total Sovereignty of the Russian State, are each allocated exclusive jurisdiction over separate sets of legislative, executive, and judicial competence; however, Regional sovereignty resides exclusively in the People of the respective Regions in that the People in each of them and their Regional governments retain exclusive and supreme jurisdiction over all Classes of Subject Matter that have not been expressly and intentionally delegated to the Federation. Within their own fields of competence, the Federation and the Regions, respectively, are sovereign and supreme in their respective Authorities; and together, the Federal and the Regional Powers form one complete sovereign, where neither may reduce the other to itself (e.g., the Federation cannot abolish the Regions and absorb their Powers for itself, just as no Region can unilaterally abolish the Federation without the Consent of all seventy-two of them), and where the existence of each depends on the existence of both —e.g., the Federation cannot exist without the existence of the Regions, just as the Regions cannot exist without the Federation.<br />
<br />
Federalism in Russia is symmetrical, whereby the sovereignty possessed by and the sovereign Powers guaranteed to each Region is equal to that which is possessed by and guaranteed to all of the Regions. Under the [[Old Russian Empire]], the [[Basic Law of the Old Russian Empire|previous Constitution]] prescribed an [[Federalism in the Old Russian Empire|asymmetric federalism]], whereby some regions were more afforded more autonomy than were others, in which the least autonomous of them were, to all intents and purposes, merely local extensions of the Federal government (this system is known as a “[[federacy]]”).<br />
<br />
A decent amount of sovereign Power is retained by the individual Regions (“[[Federalism in Russia#Reserved powers|Reserved Powers]]”); only a specific number of enumerated Classes of Subject Matter have been expressly and deliberately delegated to the Federation (“[[Federalism in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic#Enumerated Powers|Enumerated Powers]]”) to be exercised on behalf of all of the Regions and the People thereof for the benefit of all of them, respectively. Such enumerated Powers include those for providing for a regular and orderly system of trade between the Regions ([[Freedom of Movement, Labor, Capital, and Services (Russian DFR)|freedom of movement, labor, capital, and services between each Province]]); making Treaties with foreign States (however, the obligations of a Treaty are performed by whatever Power &ndash;Federal or Regional&ndash; that has competence over the Class or Classes of Subject Matter embraced in the Treaty); providing for the common Defense of the Regions and the Federation as a whole by raising and supporting Armies, providing and maintaining a Navy and an Air Force, and to provide a uniform, Federation-wide code of general (macro) military regulations for the [[Gendarmerie (Russian DFR)|respective Regional gendarmerie]]s; to make Rules for the Government of the Federal Army, Federal Navy, and Federal Air Force of Russia; to make uniform Rules for Governing such part of the Regional Gendarmeries that may, from time to time, be called into the express service of the Russian DFR (and each Region is reserved the Power to appoint and remove the Officers in its Gendarmerie); establishing Federal courts and defining their jurisdiction; establishing uniform, All-Russian Rules on the subjects of Naturalization and Bankruptcy; providing for an All-Russian meteorological Service; providing for a safe, regular, and ordered regime for the All-Russian Airspace; adjudicating disputes between two or more Regions; setting an uniform, All-Russian Standard on Weights and Measures; establishing and maintaining Post offices and Post routes; establishing throughout the Federation uniform, All-Russian Rules on the subjects of Copyright and Patent; providing reimbursement to the Regions for the efficient operation and maintenance of their respective systems of universal healthcare; defining and punishing Piracy and Crimes against the Law of Nations; and exercising exclusive jurisdiction, over all subjects whatsoever, over the Federal capital city of Petrograd as well as the Federal city of Moscow: All Powers not expressly and intentionally delegated to the Federation are perpetually and irrevocably retained exclusively by the Regions respectively or by the People.<br />
==== Status of Treaties at the Regional level ====<br />
The general Power to make Treaties with foreign States is (for the most part) exclusively vested in the Federation (that is to say, all one hundred sixty-six Regions in Federation Senate assembled), whereby the Tsar of the Russian DFR is vested with Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Federation Senate to make Treaties with foreign States, provided that two-thirds of the Senators concur; but the respective Regions retain full Power, insofar as to their reserved Powers, to make Treaties with each other and, with the Consent of all of them in Senate assembled, with foreign States. In addition, Treaties that have been signed by the Tsar, but have yet to be ratified by the Senate, are not binding on the Russian DFR unless and until it is ratified. However, the actual performance of a Treaty’s obligations (e.g., implementing the Treaty) falls to whatever Power, be it Federal or Regional, that has competence over the Class or Classes of Subject Matter embraced in the Treaty —Under Russian DFR constitutional law, a Treaty that has been signed and ratified is not ''[[ipso facto]]'' considered self-executing; but rather the obligations of a Treaty must be enacted into domestic law by whatever Legislature has jurisdiction over the Class or Classes of Subject Matter embraced in the Treaty, and depending on the Treaty and the Class or Classes of Subjects embraced therein, the obligations incurred by joining a Treaty could fall to the Federation, to the Regions, or both.<br />
<br />
=== The Federation ===<br />
{{main|Tsar of the Federation (Russian DFR)}}<br />
The Federal Head of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is the [[Tsar of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Tsar of the Federation]]. However, the actual exercise of executive Power is split between the Tsar and the [[Government of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Government which acts in and under His Majesty’s name and direction]]. Having no general, inherent power of its own, it is a government of limited jurisdiction, only competent to act exclusively on those Matters which, solely by the [[Constitution of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic, 1721|Federal Constitution]], have been expressly delegated to it. His Majesty’s Government (e.g., the Tsar and his ministers) may not increase its own power: HM Government may gain additional powers only by formal amendment to the Federal Constitution, a rather inherent and intentionally difficult undertaking requiring the concurrent approval of two-thirds of each House of the Federal Duma and the subsequent ratification by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the Regions.<br />
==== Federal Duma ====<br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_legis-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Federal Duma (Russian DFR)}}<br />
{{Imagebox.rounded|image=KB-RU_capitol1.jpg|width=184px|caption=[[Federation House (Russian DFR)|Federation House]], seat of the [[Federal Duma of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic]], the Federal legislative authority of the RDFR.|float=right}}<br />
The legislative Power of the Government of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is vested exclusively in the Federal Duma (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Федеральная Дума</span>) –officially the {{i|“Federal Duma of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Федеральная Дума Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>). The Federal Duma is a bicameral Legislature consisting of an upper house styled “Senate of the Federation” (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Сенат Федерации</span>) and a lower house called the “House of Assembly” (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Палата Собрания</span>). The consent of both Houses is necessary to pass legislation, whereafter it becomes law upon the approval of the Tsar, or if the Tsar vetoes the legislation, then upon the subsequent re-passing of the bill in each House by a two-thirds supermajority of the total Membership of each of them, respectively.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Senate}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_legisU-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span>{{main|Senate of the Federation (Russian DFR)}}<br />
The Senate of the Federation (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Сенат Федерации</span>), commonly known as the {{i|Senate of Russia}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Сенат России</span>), officially the {{i|“Senate of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Сенат Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), is the [[upper house]] of the Federal Duma of the RDFR, and through this Body the one hundred sixty-six Regions of Russia both, a) participate directly in the governance of the Federation at the Federal level, and, b) safeguard their residual Sovereignty.<br />
<br />
The composition of the Federation Senate is different from several other similar legislative Bodies representing Regions. Senators are not elected, but appointed by the Regional Governor by and with the Advice and Consent of the Regional Legislature. There are one hundred sixty-six Senators, one from each Region. In addition, each Region’s Senator is an at-will employee of the Governor, and their paycheck comes not from the Government of Russia, but from the Senator’s home Region. In addition, each Region has one Vote in the Senate, and the Senator from each Region must cast his Vote pursuant to instructions given to him by the Governor thereof. However, on Treaty ratification Votes, the Senator from each Region cast his Vote pursuant to instructions from the Legislature thereof.<br />
<br />
The Senate, to the exclusion of the Assembly, have the sole Power of ratifying Treaties signed by the Tsar, provided that the competence(s) embraced in the Treaty fall under Federal Jurisdiction (for Treaties embracing non-Federal competences, i.e., residual Regional competences, see [[#Status of Treaties at the Regional level|Status of Treaties at the Regional level]]). Without both the Tsar’s signature and the proper ratification, Treaties cannot be enforced in Russia; and until a Treaty is ratified, no obligations arising from the Treaty are binding on the Russian Democratic Federative Republic or any place subject to its jurisdiction. Also, the Senate have the sole Power of originating appropriations and other budget Bills, and of trying impeachment Cases brought forward by the Assembly (when the Tsar of Russia is tried, the Lawspeaker of the RDFR presides).<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|House of Assembly}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_legisL-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|House of Assembly (Russian DFR)}}<br />
The House of Assembly (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Палата Собрания</span>), officially the {{i|“House of Assembly of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Палата Собрания Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>) is the [[lower house]] of the [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Federal Duma, and is the Federal-level representation of the People of the respective 166 Regions. There are 580 Deputies, elected under a system of [[mixed-member proportional representation]] whereby 166 of the 580 Deputies are elected in one hundred sixty-six 1-member all-Region districts (one Deputy per entire Region) with the remaining 414 Deputies apportioned among the respective Regions reckoned according to population, and, in each of them, Deputies are elected on the basis of [[open-list]] proportional representation.<br />
<br />
==== Federal Executive ====<br />
{{main|Article II of the Russian DFR Federal Constitution}}<br />
The executive branch of the Russian DFR Federal Government consists of the [[Tsar of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic]] and the heads of the various ministries and agencies with ministry-level status. Together, the Tsar, ministers, and agency heads compose the [[Council of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Council of the Federation]] (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Совет Федерации</span>). The Federation Council is the Russian-equivalent to the [[council of ministers]] or [[Government (executive)|government]] in other states, and carries out (executes) the various Laws adopted by the [[Federal Duma of the Russian DFR|Federal Duma]]. According to the [[Constitution of the Russian DFR]], all executive Power of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is vested in the Tsar; however, in practice the Tsar delegates enforcement authority to his various ministers, with the Tsar maintaining oversight over the operation of the Federation’s executive and administrative apparatus.<br />
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{{clear}}<big>{{b|Tsar of the Federation}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_president-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Tsar of the Russian DFR}}<br />
{{Imagebox.rounded|image=KB-RU_petrograd-kremlin1.jpg|width=184px|caption=The [[Petrograd Kremlin|Kremlin]], seat of the Federal executive authority of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic.|float=right}}<br />
Even though the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is legally a Republic, the Executive effectively operates as a form of an elective and egalitarian quasi-monarchy (see: [[crowned republic]]), whereby the Tsar of the Federation is initially elected to a eight year Term by the People, but four Years into that eight-Year Term the Russian people are [[retention election|asked if the current Tsar should be retained in Office]] for another eight Years after his current Term expires. If the Vote is in the affirmative, then the Tsar retains his Commission for another Term (with another retention Election taking place halfway into the following Term), and the process repeats for as many times as necessary, until the retention of the incumbent is rejected at the polls and s/he finishes out the remainder of his/her Term, or resigns or is otherwise unable or unwilling to seek or serve another Term. If the sitting Tsar loses a retention Election, s/he finishes the remainder of his/her current Term –in addition, s/he must endure a four Year respite before seeking or serving another Term as Tsar or any post included in the Executive line of succession– and new Elections are held for the post of Tsar on the general Election Day in the Year next preceding the end of the current Term. Other than losing a retention Election, a sitting Tsar may only be removed from Office against his/her will by way of impeachment by the Assembly, and conviction by the Senate, for treason, bribery, or other serious crime —and persons removed from federal Office by impeachment are forever disqualified to hold public Office at the Federal level of government in Russia. In effect, this means that a Person serving as Tsar, so long as s/he does not bring the Office of Tsar into ill repute, and as long as s/he continues to maintain the Confidence of the Russian electorate, could effectively serve as Tsar for the rest of his/her life; although, in practice, this does not usually turn out to be the case. However, the office of Tsar is not hereditary: Whenever there is a Vacancy in the Office of Tsar by way of death, incapacitation, removal (by impeachment, losing an Election, or other), or resignation, Elections to fill the Vacancy in the Office of Tsar must take place on the next upcoming general Election Day. During such a Vacancy in the Office of Tsar, the Powers and Duties of the said Office devolve upon the Prime Minister in his official capacity as Tsar’s Deputy, or if there be no Prime Minister, then the Speaker of the Senate, followed by the Speaker of the Assembly, and then the various Secretaries of State in the order of the respective dates of establishment. Regardless of which official exercises the Powers and Duties of the Tsar, the person acting as such serves officially as Tsar-Regent until a new Tsar is elected, qualified, and thereafter sworn in.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Council of the Federation}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_government-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Council of the Federation (Russian DFR)}}<br />
To advise and assist the Tsar in the execution of his/her responsibilities, there is a council of ministers, styled as the [[Executive Council of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Executive Council of the Federation]] (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Исполнительный Совет Федераций</span>), officially the {{I|“Privy Council of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Тайный Совет Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), composed of the Prime Minister (officially styled the {{i|“Tsar’s Deputy”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Царский Заместитель</span>) and principle Officer in each of the various Federal Executive ministries and the heads of various Federal Agencies with ministry-level status. There are ten Federal Executive ministries (eleven, including the Prime Minister’s Office) and seven Federal Agencies with ministry-level status, as follows:<br />
*{{b|Federal ministries—}}<br />
: – [[Prime Minister’s Office (Russian DFR)|Federal Prime Minister’s Office]] ([[Prime Minister of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Prime Minister]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Regional Affairs (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Regional Affairs]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Regional Affairs (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Law and Justice (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Law]] ([[Attorney-General of the Russian DFR|Attorney-General and Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for National Defence (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for National Defence]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for National Defence (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Civil Defence (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Civil Defence]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Civil Defence (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Public Security (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Public Security]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Public Security (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for the Treasury (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for the Treasury]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for the Treasury (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Education and Public Enlightenment (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Education and Public Enlightenment]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Education and Public Enlightenment (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Trade (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Trade]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Trade (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Transport (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Transport]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Transport (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
<br />
*{{b|Federal agencies with ministry-level status—}}<br />
: – [[Federal Bank of Russia]] ([[Chairman of the Federal Bank of Russia|Chairman]])<br />
: – [[Office of the Federal Auditor-General (Russian DFR)|Office of the Federal Auditor-General]] ([[Auditor-General of the Russian DFR|Auditor-General]])<br />
: – [[Office of the Federal Ombudsman-General (Russian DFR)|Office of the Federal Ombudsman-General]] ([[Ombudsman-General of the Russian DFR|Ombudsman-General]])<br />
: – [[Federal Agency for Energy and Critical Infrastructure (Russian DFR)|Federal Agency for Energy and Critical Infrastructure]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Energy and Critical Infrastructure (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Agency for Environmental Protection (Russian DFR)|Federal Agency for Environmental Protection]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Environmental Protection (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Agency for Coast and Border Guard (Russian DFR)|Federal Agency for Coast and Border Guard]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for the Coast and Border Guard (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Agency for Immigration and Customs (Russian DFR)|Federal Agency for Immigration and Customs]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Immigration and Customs (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
<!--<br />
: – [[Federal Security Service (Russian DFR)|Federal Security Service (Okhrana)]]<br />
: – [[Federal Intelligence Service (Russian DFR)|Federal Intelligence Service]]<br />
: – [[Federal Signals Intelligence Service (Russian DFR)|Federal Signals Intelligence Service]]<br />
--><br />
<br />
==== Federal Courts ====<br />
{{main|Federal Judiciary of Russian DFR}}<br />
At the Federal level, judicial Power is vested in the federal Courts of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic, which consist of three different Courts, namely the Supreme Court of the RDFR, the Circuit Court of the RDFR, and the District Court of the RDFR. The Supreme Court has administrative oversight over all federal Courts in the RDFR.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Supreme Court}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_SupremeCourt-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Supreme Court of the Russian DFR}}<br />
{{Imagebox.rounded|image=KB-RU verkhovnyy-sud1.jpg|width=164px|caption=The [[Verkhovnyy Sud building]], seat of the [[Supreme Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic]], the highest Court in all of the RDFR.|float=right}}<br />
The Supreme Court of Russia (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Верховный Суд России</span>), offically the {{i|“Supreme Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Верховный Суд Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), is the final Court of last resort, as well as the final appellate Court in the Russian Federal judiciary. The Supreme Court consists of fifteen judges, styled “Lawspeaker”, one of which who presides over the Court as [[Chief Lawspeaker of the Supreme Court (Russian DFR)|Chief Lawspeaker]]. The person holding the post of Chief Lawspeaker is the titular head of the Russian Federal judiciary.<br />
<br />
The Court is also the final interpreter of the Russian Federal Constitution and of the constitutionality of Federal laws with respect to the Federal Constitution. The Supreme Court has limited Power to strike down Regional laws, only able to do so where a Regional constitutional provision or law conflicts with the Federal Constitution or Federal law.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Circuit Court}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_CircuitCourt-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Circuit Court of the Russian DFR}}<br />
The Circuit Court of Russia (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Кругооборотй Суд России</span>), officially the {{i|“Circuit Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Кругооборотй Суд Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), is an intermediate appellate Court, but it is not a trial court. This Court can only review civil and criminal cases tried in District Court and, in certain circumstances, Regional Court, but only where there is a Federal question present. The Circuit Court is divided into nine regional Circuits, and each Circuit encompasses eight Regions and the District Court divisions conterminous with each of those eight Regions.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|District Court}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_DistrictCourt-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|District Court of the Russian DFR}}<br />
The District Court of Russia (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Окружный Суд России</span>), officially the {{i|“District Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Окружный Суд Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), is the Federal-level trial Court, and has limited jurisdiction over a few civil and criminal Matters under Federal law; all other Federal civil and criminal Matters not assigned to this Court by the Federal Duma are devolved by the same to the Courts of the several Regions. The District Court is constituted as a single Court, but with a number of divisions equal to the number of Regions. Usually, a District Court division is based in a Region’s capital city, but in more populous Regions the Court for that Region may meet in additional places.<br />
<br />
=== Regions ===<br />
{{main|Constituent entities of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic}}<br />
{{Imagebox.rounded|image=RuDFR_map-Subdivisions(Red-Gradient).svg|caption=The Russian DFR is a Federal republic composed of [[Constituent entities of the Russian DFR|one hundred sixty-six self-governing federated Regions]]. The Russian DFR focuses outwards, largely only dealing with foreign affairs, national defense, national security, and maintaining peace and harmony between the one hundred sixty-six Regions and between them and the Federation; and the one hundred sixty-six Regions, respectively, focus inward, governing on all local matters, and on all other matters not expressly transferred by the [[Constitution of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Federal Constitution]] to Russia (the Federal sovereign).|float=right}}<br />
The Russian Democratic Federative Republic is a federation of one hundred sixty-six nominally semi-autonomous Regions. Each Region of the Russian DFR is styled in the form “[Province/Federal City] of (name)”; and each has its own governing institutions consisting of legislative, executive, and judicial bodies that operate independently from those of the Federation and from those of the other Regions.<br />
<br />
Additionally, the one hundred sixty-six Regions are not subordinated to the Federal head, nor is the Federation subordinate to the Regions. The Federation and the Regions are two halves of the same whole mass of sovereign Power: Each, when acting solely within its own remit, is supreme; when acting outside its remit, being totally unauthoritative; and neither the Federation nor the Regions may reduce the other to itself.<br />
==== List ====<br />
{{Russian provinces table}}<br />
{{clear}}<br />
==== Government ====<br />
===== Legislature =====<br />
{{main|Regional parliament (Russian DFR)}}<br />
{{see also|Regional senate (Russian DFR)|Regional assembly (Russian DFR)}}<br />
XXXX<br />
===== Executive =====<br />
{{main|Regional knyaz (Russian DFR)}}<br />
{{related|Regional council of state (Russian DFR)}}<br />
XXXX<br />
===== Judicial =====<br />
{{main|Regional court (Russia)}}<br />
{{see also|Regional supreme court (Russian DFR)|Regional intermediate appellate court (Russian DFR)|Regional superior court (Russian DFR)|Regional police court (Russian DFR)}}<br />
XXXX<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<!--<br />
== Geography ==<br />
{{main|Geography of the Russian DFR}}<br />
Russia is the largest country on Kobol, boasting more than 17 million square kilometres of territory. From Pskov in the west to Chukotka in the east, Russia spans ten time zones, or a span of a little less than one-half the circumference of Kobol.<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
{{main|Climate of the Russian DFR}}<br />
Most of Russia experiences a continental climate.<br />
=== Topography ===<br />
--><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
{{Main|Geography of the Russian DFR}}<br />
{{See also|List of Russian explorers}}<br />
[[File:KB-RU_map-relief.png|thumb|The topography of the Russian DFR]]<br />
The Russian Democratic Federative Republic is the second largest country on Kobol, boasting more than 17 million square kilometres of territory. The only country larger than Russia is the [[United Aegean Republic]]. From Pskov in the west to Chukotka in the east, the Federation spans nine time zones, or a span of a little less than one-half the circumference of Kobol; the total area of the Federation is {{convert|17060300|km2|sqmi|0}}. In the Russian DFR, there are 23 UNESCO [[World Heritage Sites in Russia]], 40 UNESCO [[biosphere reserve]]s, NUM [[National parks of the Russian DFR|national parks]] and 101 [[Zapovednik|nature reserves]]. <!--The Federation lies between latitudes [[41st parallel north|41°]] and [[82nd parallel north|82° N]], and longitudes [[19th meridian east|19° E]] and [[169th meridian west|169° W]].--><br />
<br />
Russia has a wide natural resource base, including major deposits of timber, petroleum, natural gas, coal, platinum, gold, iron, uranium, tiberium, ores and other mineral resources.<br />
=== Protected areas ===<br />
{{main|Protected areas of the Russian DFR|National Parks of the Russian DFR|National Forests of the Russian DFR}}<br />
=== Topography ===<br />
{{main|Topography of the Russian DFR|Mountains of the Russian DFR}}<br />
<!--<br />
The two widest separated points in Russia are about {{convert|8000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} apart along a [[geodesic]] line. These points are: the boundary with Poland on a {{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long [[Vistula Spit]] separating the [[Gdańsk Bay]] from the [[Vistula Lagoon]]; and the farthest southeast of the [[Kuril Islands]]. The points which are furthest separated in [[longitude]] are {{convert|6600|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} apart along a geodesic line. These points are: in the west, the same spit; in the east, the [[Big Diomede Island]]. The Russian Democratic Federative Republic spans 9 [[time zone]]s.<br />
--><br />
[[File:Elbrus North 195.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lonely Mountain]], the highest point of the [[Caucasus]], Russia and Europa]]<br />
Most of Russia consists of vast stretches of plains that are predominantly [[steppe]] to the south and heavily forested to the north, with [[tundra]] along the northern coast. Russia possesses 10% of the planet's [[arable land]]. Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]] (containing [[Lonely Mountain]], which at {{convert|5642|m|0|abbr=on}} is the highest point in both Russia and Europa) and the [[Altai Mountains|Altai]] (containing [[Mount Belukha]], which at the {{convert|4506|m|0|abbr=on}} is the highest point of Siberia outside of the [[Russian Far East]]); and in the eastern parts, such as the [[Verkhoyansk Range]] or the volcanoes of [[Province of Kamchatka|Kamchatka]] [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Peninsula]] (containing [[Klyuchevskaya Sopka]], which at the {{convert|4750|m|0|abbr=on}} is the highest [[active volcano]] in Eurasia as well as the highest point of [[Oriential Russia]]). The [[Ural Mountains]], rich in mineral resources, form a north-south range that divides Europa and Orientia.<br />
<br />
Russia has an extensive coastline of over {{convert|37000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as along the [[Baltic Sea]], [[Sea of Azov]], [[Black Sea]] and [[Caspian Sea]]. The [[Barents Sea]], [[White Sea]], [[Kara Sea]], [[Laptev Sea]], [[East Siberian Sea]], [[Chukchi Sea]], [[Bering Sea]], [[Sea of Okhotsk]], and the [[Sea of Japan]] are linked to Russia via the Arctic and Pacific. Russia's major islands and archipelagos include [[Novaya Zemlya]], the [[Franz Josef Land]], the [[Severnaya Zemlya]], the [[New Siberian Islands]], [[Wrangel Island]], the [[Kuril Islands]], and [[Sakhalin]]. The [[Diomede Islands]] (one controlled by Russia, the other by Alaska of the United States) are just {{convert|3|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} apart, and [[Kunashir Island]] is about {{convert|20|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} from [[Hokkaido]], Japan.<br />
<br />
[[File:Осетр река.jpg|thumb|right|[[Central Russian Upland]] near [[Zaraysk]], [[Podmoskovye Republic]].]]<br />
Russia [[Rivers in the Russian DFR|has thousands of rivers]] and inland bodies of water, providing the Federation with one of the planet’s largest surface water resources. Russia's lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the planet’s liquid [[fresh water]]. The largest and most prominent of Russia’s bodies of fresh water is [[Lake Baikal]], the planet’s deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake. Baikal alone contains over one-fifth of the planet’s fresh surface water. Other major lakes include [[Lake Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Lake Onega|Onega]], two of the [[largest lakes in Europe]]. <!--Russia is second only to Brazil in volume of the [[total renewable water resources]]. -->Of the Federation's 100,000 rivers, the [[Volga]] is the most famous, not only because it is the [[longest river in Europa]], but also because of its major role in Russian history. The Siberian rivers [[Ob River|Ob]], [[Yenisey]], [[Lena River|Lena]] and [[Amur River|Amur]] are among the [[Rivers of Kobol|longest rivers in the world]].<br />
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=== Geology ===<br />
{{main|Geology of the Russian DFR|Volcanoes of the Russian DFR|Earthquakes in the Russian DFR|Mining industry of the Russian DFR|Petroleum industry of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Natural hazards ===<br />
{{main|Natural hazards in the Russian DFR}}<br />
The Russian DFR is prone to destructive earthquakes in the Caucasus, Sakha-Baikal, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka-Kuril regions. The country is also rather volcanically active in the Caucasus, Kamchatka-Kuril, and Baikal regions.<br />
=== Natural and mineral resources ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
{{Main|Climate of the Russian DFR}}<br />
[[File:Archangelsk taiga.JPG|thumb|left|[[Taiga]] forest in winter, [[Arkhangelsk Republic]]]]<br />
The enormous size of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the [[humid continental climate]], which is prevalent in all parts of the Federation except for the tundra and the extreme southeast. Mountains in the south obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian Ocean, while the plain of the west and north makes the Federation open to Arctic and Atlantic influences.<br />
<br />
Most of Northern European Russia and Siberia has a [[subarctic climate]], with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia (mostly the [[Yakut Republic]], where the Northern [[Pole of Cold]] is located with the record low temperature of {{convert|−71.2|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}), and more moderate elsewhere. The strip of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the [[Russian Arctic islands]], have a [[polar climate]].<br />
<br />
The coastal part of [[Krasnodar]] on the Black Sea, most notably in the province’s capital of [[Sochi]], possesses a [[humid subtropical climate]] with mild and wet winters. Winter is dry compared to summer in many regions of East Siberia and the Far East, while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the Federation usually falls as snow. The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some areas of southernmost Siberia, possesses a [[semi-arid climate]].<br />
{{Weather box<br />
|location = Russian DFR (records)<br />
|collapsed =<br />
|metric first = Y<br />
|single line = Y<br />
|Jan record high C = 22.2<br />
|Feb record high C = 23.8<br />
|Mar record high C = 30.3<br />
|Apr record high C = 34.0<br />
|May record high C = 37.7<br />
|Jun record high C = 43.2<br />
|Jul record high C = 45.4<br />
|Aug record high C = 43.5<br />
|Sep record high C = 41.5<br />
|Oct record high C = 33.7<br />
|Nov record high C = 29.1<br />
|Dec record high C = 25.0<br />
|year record high C = 45.4<br />
|Jan record low C = −71.2<br />
|Feb record low C = −64.4<br />
|Mar record low C = −60.6<br />
|Apr record low C = −46.4<br />
|May record low C = −28.9<br />
|Jun record low C = −9.7<br />
|Jul record low C = −9.3<br />
|Aug record low C = −17.1<br />
|Sep record low C = −25.3<br />
|Oct record low C = −47.6<br />
|Nov record low C = −58.5<br />
|Dec record low C = −62.8<br />
|year record low C = −71.2<br />
|date=August 1710<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Throughout much of the Federation there are only two distinct seasons—winter and summer—as spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low temperatures and extremely high. The coldest month is January (February on the coastline), the warmest usually is July. Great ranges of temperature are typical. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia. The continental interiors are the driest areas.<br />
=== Biodiversity ===<br />
{{Main|List of ecoregions in the Russian DFR|List of mammals of the Russian DFR|List of birds of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Foreign relations ==<br />
{{main|Foreign relations of the Russian DFR|Foreign policy of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<!--<br />
=== Russian DFR–Kobol relations ===<br />
{{main|Russian DFR in the United Nations}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Preeminent bilateral ties ===<br />
==== Chinese Empire-Russian DFR relations ====<br />
{{main|Chinese Empire-Russian DFR relations}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== European Confederacy-Russian DFR relations ====<br />
{{main|European Confederacy-Russian DFR relations}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Japan-Russian DFR relations ====<br />
{{main|Japan-Russian DFR relations}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Russian DFR-United States of South Aegea relations ====<br />
{{main|Russian DFR-VACUSSA relations}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Russian DFR-United States of North Aegea relations ====<br />
{{main|Russian DFR-VACUSNA relations}}<br />
XXXX<br />
--><br />
<br />
== Defense and homeland security ==<br />
{{main|Ministry of Defence and Emergency Situations (Russian DFR)}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Military of Russia ===<br />
{{main|Russian DFR Armed Services|Russian Federal Army|Russian Federal Navy|Russian Federal Air Force|Russian DFR Strategic Rocket Forces}}<br />
The Russian DFR military have global reach, able to deploy or strike any point on Kobol with relative ease.<br />
=== Emergency management ===<br />
{{main|Emergency management in the Russian DFR|Civil defense in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Law enforcement ==<br />
{{main|Law enforcement in the Russian DFR}}<br />
Pursuant to the Basic Law of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic, the Regions respectively retain primary competence over the police Power. The police forces of each Region enforce both Regional and Federal law.<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
{{main|Economy of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Agriculture ===<br />
{{main|Agriculture sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Industry ===<br />
{{main|Industry sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Infrastructure ===<br />
{{main|Infrastructure of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Science and technology ====<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Transportation ====<br />
{{main|Transportation in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Energy ====<br />
{{main|Energy in the Russian DFR|Energy policy of the Russian DFR|Electricity sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Telecommunications ====<br />
{{main|Telecom in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Manufacturing ===<br />
{{main|Manufacturing sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Services ===<br />
{{main|Service sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Space exploration ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Business climate ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Taxation ===<br />
{{main|Taxation in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Tourism ===<br />
{{main|Tourism in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{main|Demographics of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Largest cities ===<br />
{{main|List of cities in the Russian DFR with a population above 10,000}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Urbanization ===<br />
{{main|Urbanization in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Language ===<br />
{{main|Russian language|Languages of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Religion ===<br />
{{main|Religion in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Health ===<br />
{{main|Health and care in the Russian DFR|Provincial health services in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Education ===<br />
{{main|Education in the Russian DFR|Education policy of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Age and gender ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Ethnic groups ===<br />
{{main|Ethnic groups of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Immigration and emigration ===<br />
{{main|Immigration to the Russian DFR|Illegal immigration to the Russian DFR|Immigration policy of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Wealth ===<br />
{{main|Wealth in the Russian DFR|Poverty in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
{{main|Culture of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Folk culture ===<br />
{{main|Russian traditions and values|Folk culture of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Etiquette ===<br />
{{main|Etiqutte of the Russian DFR}}<br />
Russian society is very formal.<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Cuisine ===<br />
{{main|Cuisine of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Architecture ===<br />
{{main|Architecture of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Visual arts ===<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Theatre ====<br />
{{main|Theatre in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Music and dance ===<br />
{{main|Music of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Literature and philosophy ===<br />
{{main|Literature in the Russian DFR|Russian philosophy}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Cinema, animation and media ===<br />
{{main|Cinema in the Russian DFR|Media in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Sports ===<br />
{{main|Sport in the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== National holidays and symbols ===<br />
{{main|Holidays in the Russian DFR|Symbols of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Tourism ===<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
[[category:Russian Democratic Federative Republic]]<br />
[[category:Federal states]]<br />
[[category:Presidential states]]<br />
[[category:Vampire states]]<br />
[[category:Constitutional states]]<br />
[[category:Republics]]</div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=Russian_Democratic_Federative_Republic&diff=41186Russian Democratic Federative Republic2024-03-19T15:26:16Z<p>Andreios: /* Regions */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{WiP}}<br />
{{Redirect|Russian DFR|other uses of “Russia”|Russia (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
<!-- --><br />
|conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|1=<span style="font-Size:100%;"><span style="font-weight:500 !important;font-Family:Kefa, Cambria, serif !important;">Russian Democratic Federative Republic</span></span>}}<br />
|native_name = {{nowrap|1=<span style="font-family:Exo2, sans-serif !important;padding:0;font-Size:75%;">Российская Демократическая Федеративная Республика</span><br />''Rossijskaja Demokratičeskaja Federativnaja Respublika''}}<br />
|common_name=Russian DFR<br />
<!-- --><br />
|image_flag= Flag_of_Russian_DFR-(16;9).svg<br />
|alt_flag=Flag of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic<br />
|flag_width=160px<br />
|image_symbol=RuDFR_arms-Federal_Arms_(166-stars).svg<br />
|alt_symbol=Emblem of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic<br />
|symbol_width=88px<br />
|symbol_type=Emblem<br />
<!-- --><br />
|other_symbol_type=<div style=padding-top:10px;>Government seal</div><br />
|other_symbol=<div style=padding-bottom:10px;>[[File:RU-RU_seal-Russian_Democratic_Federative_Republic-2021.svg|90px]]</div><br />
<!-- --><br />
|national_motto={{lang2|ru|Единая и неделимая Россия!|nocat=y}}<br />{{lang2|ru-Latn|Yedinaya i nedelimaya Rossiya!|nocat=y}}<br />{{small|(“United and indivisible Russia!”)}}<!-- <br /><i>and</i><br />{{lang2|cu|[[In hoc signo vinces|Симъ побѣдиши!]]}}<br>{{lang2|cu-Latn|Simŭ pobědiši!}}<br>{{small|(“In this, conquer!”)}} --><br />
<!-- --><br />
|national_anthem=“[[Patriotic Song (Russia)|<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Над Отчизной Величаво</span>]]”{{br}}“{{i|Nad Otčiznoj Veličavo}}” <small>(transliteration)</small>{{br}}<youtube width="250" height="25">J4KU-1x5dD8<!-- SEYqLaSA5IU --></youtube>{{br}}{{i|1=[[Patriotic Song (Russia)|Proudly Above the Fatherland]]}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|image_map=icon-spacer.png<br />
|alt_map=Location of the Russian DFR on Kobol<br />
|map_caption=<div style="font-size:85% !important;text-align:center !important;font-weight:500 !important;color:#777 !important;"><hr style="color:#BBB !important;background-color:#BBB !important;bgcolor:#BBB !important;height:1px !important;" />The Russian Democratic Federative Republic<div style="padding:2em 2em 0 2em;">[[File:Russian_DFR_(orthographic_projection).svg|250px|center]]</div></div><br />
|map_width=1px<br />
|image_map2=icon-spacer.png<br />
|alt_map2=Map of the Republics, Provinces, and Federal Cities of the Russian DFR<br />
|map_caption2=<div><div style="font-size:85% !important;text-align:center !important;font-weight:500 !important;color:#777 !important;"><hr style="color:#BBB !important;background-color:#BBB !important;bgcolor:#BBB !important;height:1px !important;" />The Republics, Provinces, and Federal Cities of the Russian DFR<div style="padding:2em 2em 0 2em;">[[File:RuDFR_map-Subdivisions.svg|250px|center]]</div></div><!-- <div style="text-align:left !important;padding:0 6em !important;font-size:90% !important;color:#777 !important;">{{div col}}<br />
{{Legend|#F58B56|[[Oblasts of the Russian DFR|Provinces]] (49)}}<br />
{{Legend|#269BA9|[[Republics of the Russian DFR|Republics]] (21)}}<br />
{{Legend|#E5FF00|[[Federal cities of the Russian DFR|Federal cities]] (2)}}<br />
{{div col end}}</div> --><br />
<div style="padding:2em 0 0 0 !important;"><hr style="color:#BBB !important;background-color:#BBB !important;bgcolor:#BBB !important;height:1px !important;" /></div></div><br />
|map2_width=1px<br />
<!-- --><br />
|capital=[[Petrograd]]<br />
|largest_city=[[Moscow]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|official_languages={{lang|Russian}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|demonym=<!--<br />
-->{{collapsible list<!--<br />
-->|titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;<!--<br />
-->|title={{flagicon|Russian DFR}} [[Russians|Russian]]<!--<br />
-->| <!--<br />
-->}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|government_type=[[Federalism in the Russian DFR|Federal]] [[Federal Charter for the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|constitutional]]<br/>[[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[Republicanism in the Russian DFR|republic]]<br />
|leader_title1=[[Tsar of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Tsar]]<br />
|leader_name1=[[Oleg Vyacheslavovich Pozharsky|O. V. Pozharsky]]<br />
|leader_title2=[[Prime Minister of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Prime Minister]]<br />
|leader_name2=[[Viktor Vladimirovich Suvorov|V. V. Suvorov]]<br />
|leader_title3=[[Speaker of the Senate of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Speaker, Senate]]<br />
|leader_name3=[[Natasha Aleskeyevna Zubkov|N. A. Zubkov]]<br />
|leader_title4=[[Speaker of the House of Assembly (Russian DFR)|Speaker, Assembly]]<br />
|leader_name4=[[Aleksandr Vyacheslavovich Gryzlov|A. V. Gryzlov]]<br />
|leader_title5=[[Chief Lawspeaker of the Supreme Court (Russian DFR)|Chief Lawspeaker]]<br />
|leader_name5=[[Dmitri Andreyevich Savachenko|D. A. Savachenko]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|legislature=[[Federal Duma (Russian DFR)|Federal Duma]]<br />
|upper_house=[[Senate of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Senate]]<br />
|lower_house=[[House of Assembly (Russian DFR)|Assembly]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
|sovereignty_type=Constitutional history<br />
|established_event1={{nowrap|Arrival of [[Rurik of Novgorod|Rurik]]}}<br />
|established_date1=ca. 562<br />
|established_event2=[[Kyivan Rus']]<br />
|established_date2=ca. 582<br />
|established_event3=[[Grand Duchy of Moscow]]<br />
|established_date3=ca. 983<br />
|established_event4=[[Tsardom of Russia]]<br />
|established_date4=16 January 1247<br />
|established_event5=[[Old Russian Empire]]<br />
|established_date5=22 October 1421<br />
|established_event6=[[Constitution of the Russian DFR, 1721|Current constitution]]<br />
|established_date6=22 October 1721<br />
<!-- --><br />
|area_rank=<br />
|area_magnitude=1 E12<br />
|area_km2=17060300<br />
|percent_water=13.0<br />
<!-- --><br />
|highestPoint=[[Lonely Mountain|<!--Одинока Гора-->Lonely Mountain]]<br />
|highestElev_m=5642<br />
|meanElev_m=2810<br />
|lowestPoint=[[Caspian Sea]]<br />
|lowestElev_m=-22<br />
<!-- --><br />
|population_estimate=36744636 <br />
|population_estimate_rank=<br />
|population_estimate_year=1713<br />
|population_census=36743897<br />
|population_census_year=1712<br />
|population_density_km2=5.77<br />
|population_density_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|GDP_PPP=$3.161<!-- 3,160,871,586,104 --><br />
|GDP_PPP_magnitude=12<br />
|GDP_PPP_rank=<br />
|GDP_PPP_year=1713<br />
|GDP_PPP_per_capita=$32,104<br />
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=<br />
|GDP_nominal=2.189<!-- 2,189,203,219,234.149 --><br />
|GDP_nominal_magnitude=12<br />
|GDP_nominal_rank=<br />
|GDP_nominal_year=1713<br />
|GDP_nominal_per_capita=$22,235<br />
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=<br />
<!-- --><br />
|Gini_year=1711<br />
|Gini_change=steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
|Gini=35.9<br />
<!-- --><br />
|HDI_year=1710<br />
|HDI_change=increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--><br />
|HDI=0.865<br />
<!-- --><br />
|QLI=6.891<br />
|QLI_change=increase<br />
|QLI_rank=??<br />
|QLI_year=1710<br />
<!-- --><br />
|IEF=69.4<br />
|IEF_change=increase<br />
|IEF_rank=??<br />
|IEF_year=1710<br />
<!-- --><br />
|currency=[[Ruble]]<br />
|currency_code=RUB<br />
|currency_symbol={{RUB}}<br />
<!-- --><br />
|utc_offset=+5 to +12<br />
|utc_offset_DST=+5 to +12<br />
|time_zone_DST=not observed<br />
<!-- --><br />
|date_format={{b|Kobol}} ([[New Era|NE]]):<br/> - dd.mm.yyyy<br/>{{b|Galactic}} ([[Galactic Congressional Time|GCT]]):<br/> - cccc<sup>a, b</sup>.ddd<sup>c</sup><br />
<!-- --><br />
|drives_on=right<br />
<!-- --><br />
|cctld=[[.ru]]<!--<br/>&#42;.gov.'''ru'''<br/>&#42;.mil.'''ru'''<br/>&#42;.org.'''ru'''<br/>&#42;.edu.'''ru''<br/>&#42;.co.''ru'''--><br />
<!-- --><br />
|calling_code=+7<br />
<!-- --><br />
|footnote_a="Congress" as a ''particular meeting'' of the [[Congress of the Galactic Republic|Galactic Congress]]<br />
|footnote_b=The current congress is the [[1074th Congress of the Republic|1074th]]<br />
|footnote_c=Day of current Congress (days 1 through 365)<br />
}}<br />
{{b|Russia}} ({{lang|Russian}}: <span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Россия</span>), officially the {{b|Russian Democratic Federative Republic}} ({{lang|Russian}}: <span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Российская Демократическая Федеративная Республика</span>), sometimes shortened to just {{b|RDFR}} (Russian: <span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">РДФР</span>), is a federal constitutional presidential vampire republic straddling the continents of [[Europa]] and [[Orientia]]. Russia is geopolitically part of [[Europa]], and is composed of one hundred sixty-six self-governing [[constituent entities of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|constituent entities]] that have been [[Federalism in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|irreversibly delegated a massive range of competence]] by the [[Federal Government of the Russian DFR|Russian Federal Government]]; [[Federal City of Petrograd (Russian DFR)|Petrograd]] as the [[Federal capital]] of the Russian DFR, as well as [[Federal City of Moscow (Russian DFR)|Moscow]] (as the alternate capital), are not provinces but federal cities in the form of respective “common space[s] of all one hundred sixty-four constituent Provinces of the Federation”, and as such they are each wholly subordinated to the Regions-in-Assembly, or, in other words, to the [[Federal Duma (Russian DFR)|Russian Federal Duma]].<br />
<br />
Extending across the entirety of northern Orientia and much of Eastern Europa, Russia spans nine time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Poland, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia, and Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the State of Alaska across the Bering Strait.<br />
<br />
Russia, a [[Federalism in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Federation]] of [[Constituent entities of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|one hundred sixty-four Provinces, and two Federal Cities]], is a [[representative democracy|representative]] and [[Nordic model|Nordic-style]] [[social democracy]], and a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[Republicanism in the Russian DFR|republic]]. With a large and well-organized welfare state, Russia is oftentimes equated as being “Sweden in federal form” and also “Sweden with Canadian characteristics”.<br />
<br />
The nation’s history began with that of the [[East Slavs]], who emerged as a recognizable group in Europa between the 1st and 5th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus’ arose in the 6th century. In 688 it adopted [[Orthodox Christianity]] from the [[Byzantine Empire]], beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus’ ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus’ lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus’. By the 15th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the [[Russian Empire]], which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland in Europa to Alaska in North Aegea.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{main|History of Russian vampires}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Early periods ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Russian Empire ===<br />
{{main|Old Russian Empire}}<br />
Originally, the Empire was organized as a [[unitary state]]. However, eventually the Empire reorganized under a [[federation|federal system]], and the [[Governorates of the Old Russian Empire|Governorates]] were replaced with a multi-tiered system of [[federated state|federating unit]]s, consisting of [[Cantons of the Old Russian Empire|Cantons]], [[Oblasts of the Old Russian Empire|Oblasts]] (provinces), [[Uyezds of the Old Russian Empire|Uyezds]] (counties), [[Krais of the Old Russian Empire|Krais]] (territories), and [[Okrugs of the Old Russian Empire|Okrugs]] (districts). The level of autonomy afforded to each type of federating unit varied widely between each type. Cantons were afforded fully insulated [[home rule]], the highest level of autonomy provided for in the [[Federation Act, 1064 (Old Russian Empire)|constitution]]. Following Cantons were the Provinces, which were granted wide-ranging autonomy and were largely left to their own devices. With no entrenched autonomy guaranteed by the Constitution to the Territories, these federating units had no power of their own, and could only exercise those powers that had been devolved to them by the Empire. Lastly, and with no autonomy or any form of self-government whatsoever were the Districts. Districts were de facto extensions of the Federal head, and as such were largely governed as Federal dependencies.<br />
=== Revolution and Russian Republic ===<br />
{{main|Russian Federative Republic}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Collaboration with Russian SFSR and Soviet Authorities ===<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Russian Democratic Federative Republic ===<br />
XXXX<br />
<br />
== Government and politics ==<br />
{{main|Politics of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic}}<br />
Politics in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic take place under the framework of a [[Federal Charter for the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|constitutional]] [[Russian presidential system|presidential]] [[Federalism in Russia|federal]] [[Republicanism in Russia|republic]], in which majority Rule is tempered by minority Rights; and the Powers of government are [[Federal division of power|divided between two orders of government]] (Federal and Regional), and within each order the Powers of government are [[separation of powers|separated into three branches]] —namely the [[Legislative power (government)|legislative]], [[Executive power (government)|executive]], and [[Judicial power (government)|judicial]]— where the Powers of each are [[checks and balances|checked and balanced]] by the Powers of the other two: No one branch may exercise any of the Powers properly belonging to the other two —the Legislature cannot carry out (execute) or judge the law, the Executive cannot legislate or adjudicate, and the Courts cannot make or carry out the law. However, each branch slightly interferes with the operation of the other branches in such a way as to prevent any of them from becoming dominant. For example, Executive appointments of executive department Heads and federal Judges must be approved by the Senate in order to take office, and Treaties signed by the Tsar must then ratified by the Senate before they can be considered binding on the Russian Democratic Federative Republic (although the Senate has the sole Power to denounce and abrogate Treaties to which Russia is a party); the Tsar has the Power to veto (reject) legislation passed by the Federal Duma, which the Federal Duma may override by a vote in each House by two-thirds of the Members thereof, thereby passing the bill directly into Law over the Tsar’s objections; the Federal Duma, and not the Tsar, creates and abolishes executive agencies and funds or defunds them; the Federal Duma, and not the Tsar, has the Power of the purse; the Federal Duma can impeach and remove executive and judicial officers that bring their office into ill repute, or otherwise engage in criminal, incompetent, or otherwise improper behavior; and the Federal Courts may declare Federal Laws and regulations promulgated by the Executive not in comport with the Federal Constitution to be unconstitutional.<br />
=== Federalism ===<br />
{{wip|section}}<br />
{{main|Federalism in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic}}<br />
In Russia, the [[constituent entities of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Constituent Entities]] (Provinces and Federal Cities) are considered co-sovereign; sovereignty of the provinces and federal cities is passed on, not by the Tsar or the Federal Duma, but through the People themselves in their collective capacity as the source and fount of all sovereignty in and of Russia. This means that the People-as-Sovereign is “divided” into 167 legal jurisdictions; into 167 “Sovereignties” – one federal and one hundred sixty-six regional.<br />
<br />
[[Russian–Regional relations (Russian DFR)|Russian-Regional relations]] is a regular issue in Russian politics: Chechnya, among others, wish to preserve and strengthen their distinctive nature, eastern regions desire more control over their abundant natural resources, especially energy reserves; industrialized Western Russia is concerned with its manufacturing base, and the Pacific regions strive to escape from being less affluent than the rest of the Federation.<br />
<!--<br />
In order to ensure that social programs such as health care and education are funded consistently throughout Russia, the “have-not” (poorer) regions receive a proportionately greater share of federal “transfer (equalization) payments” than the richer, or “have”, regions do; this has been somewhat controversial. The richer regions often favour freezing transfer payments, or rebalancing the system in their favour, based on the claim that they already pay more in taxes than they receive in federal government services, and the poorer regions often favour an increase on the basis that the amount of money they receive is not sufficient for their existing needs.<br />
<br />
Particularly in the past decade, some scholars have argued that the federal government’s exercise of its unlimited constitutional spending power has contributed to strained Russian–Regional relations. This power, which allows the federal government to spend the revenue it raises in any way that it pleases, allows it to overstep the constitutional division of powers by creating programs that encroach on areas of Regional jurisdiction. The federal spending power is not expressly set out in the Constitution.<br />
<br />
A prime example of an exercise of the spending power is the Federation Health Act, which is a conditional grant of money to the Regions. Regulation of health services is, under the Constitution, a Regional responsibility. However, by making the funding available to the Regions under the Federation Health Act contingent upon delivery of services according to federal standards, the federal government has the ability to influence health care delivery. This spending power, coupled with Supreme Court rulings – such as Reference re Federal Assistance Plan (Karelia) – that have held that funding delivered under the spending power can be reduced unilaterally at any time, has contributed to strained Russian-Regional relations.<br />
--><br />
<br />
In the Russian Democratic Federative Republic the Sovereignty is vested exclusively in the People, and the exercise of the People’s sovereign Powers of the Russian State is divided between the Federation and the Regions. The Federation and the Regions, as constituting two separate divisions of the total Sovereignty of the Russian State, are each allocated exclusive jurisdiction over separate sets of legislative, executive, and judicial competence; however, Regional sovereignty resides exclusively in the People of the respective Regions in that the People in each of them and their Regional governments retain exclusive and supreme jurisdiction over all Classes of Subject Matter that have not been expressly and intentionally delegated to the Federation. Within their own fields of competence, the Federation and the Regions, respectively, are sovereign and supreme in their respective Authorities; and together, the Federal and the Regional Powers form one complete sovereign, where neither may reduce the other to itself (e.g., the Federation cannot abolish the Regions and absorb their Powers for itself, just as no Region can unilaterally abolish the Federation without the Consent of all seventy-two of them), and where the existence of each depends on the existence of both —e.g., the Federation cannot exist without the existence of the Regions, just as the Regions cannot exist without the Federation.<br />
<br />
Federalism in Russia is symmetrical, whereby the sovereignty possessed by and the sovereign Powers guaranteed to each Region is equal to that which is possessed by and guaranteed to all of the Regions. Under the [[Old Russian Empire]], the [[Basic Law of the Old Russian Empire|previous Constitution]] prescribed an [[Federalism in the Old Russian Empire|asymmetric federalism]], whereby some regions were more afforded more autonomy than were others, in which the least autonomous of them were, to all intents and purposes, merely local extensions of the Federal government (this system is known as a “[[federacy]]”).<br />
<br />
A decent amount of sovereign Power is retained by the individual Regions (“[[Federalism in Russia#Reserved powers|Reserved Powers]]”); only a specific number of enumerated Classes of Subject Matter have been expressly and deliberately delegated to the Federation (“[[Federalism in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic#Enumerated Powers|Enumerated Powers]]”) to be exercised on behalf of all of the Regions and the People thereof for the benefit of all of them, respectively. Such enumerated Powers include those for providing for a regular and orderly system of trade between the Regions ([[Freedom of Movement, Labor, Capital, and Services (Russian DFR)|freedom of movement, labor, capital, and services between each Province]]); making Treaties with foreign States (however, the obligations of a Treaty are performed by whatever Power &ndash;Federal or Regional&ndash; that has competence over the Class or Classes of Subject Matter embraced in the Treaty); providing for the common Defense of the Regions and the Federation as a whole by raising and supporting Armies, providing and maintaining a Navy and an Air Force, and to provide a uniform, Federation-wide code of general (macro) military regulations for the [[Gendarmerie (Russian DFR)|respective Regional gendarmerie]]s; to make Rules for the Government of the Federal Army, Federal Navy, and Federal Air Force of Russia; to make uniform Rules for Governing such part of the Regional Gendarmeries that may, from time to time, be called into the express service of the Russian DFR (and each Region is reserved the Power to appoint and remove the Officers in its Gendarmerie); establishing Federal courts and defining their jurisdiction; establishing uniform, All-Russian Rules on the subjects of Naturalization and Bankruptcy; providing for an All-Russian meteorological Service; providing for a safe, regular, and ordered regime for the All-Russian Airspace; adjudicating disputes between two or more Regions; setting an uniform, All-Russian Standard on Weights and Measures; establishing and maintaining Post offices and Post routes; establishing throughout the Federation uniform, All-Russian Rules on the subjects of Copyright and Patent; providing reimbursement to the Regions for the efficient operation and maintenance of their respective systems of universal healthcare; defining and punishing Piracy and Crimes against the Law of Nations; and exercising exclusive jurisdiction, over all subjects whatsoever, over the Federal capital city of Petrograd as well as the Federal city of Moscow: All Powers not expressly and intentionally delegated to the Federation are perpetually and irrevocably retained exclusively by the Regions respectively or by the People.<br />
==== Status of Treaties at the Regional level ====<br />
The general Power to make Treaties with foreign States is (for the most part) exclusively vested in the Federation (that is to say, all one hundred sixty-six Regions in Federation Senate assembled), whereby the Tsar of the Russian DFR is vested with Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Federation Senate to make Treaties with foreign States, provided that two-thirds of the Senators concur; but the respective Regions retain full Power, insofar as to their reserved Powers, to make Treaties with each other and, with the Consent of all of them in Senate assembled, with foreign States. In addition, Treaties that have been signed by the Tsar, but have yet to be ratified by the Senate, are not binding on the Russian DFR unless and until it is ratified. However, the actual performance of a Treaty’s obligations (e.g., implementing the Treaty) falls to whatever Power, be it Federal or Regional, that has competence over the Class or Classes of Subject Matter embraced in the Treaty —Under Russian DFR constitutional law, a Treaty that has been signed and ratified is not ''[[ipso facto]]'' considered self-executing; but rather the obligations of a Treaty must be enacted into domestic law by whatever Legislature has jurisdiction over the Class or Classes of Subject Matter embraced in the Treaty, and depending on the Treaty and the Class or Classes of Subjects embraced therein, the obligations incurred by joining a Treaty could fall to the Federation, to the Regions, or both.<br />
<br />
=== The Federation ===<br />
{{main|Tsar of the Federation (Russian DFR)}}<br />
The Federal Head of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is the [[Tsar of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Tsar of the Federation]]. However, the actual exercise of executive Power is split between the Tsar and the [[Government of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Government which acts in and under His Majesty’s name and direction]]. Having no general, inherent power of its own, it is a government of limited jurisdiction, only competent to act exclusively on those Matters which, solely by the [[Constitution of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic, 1721|Federal Constitution]], have been expressly delegated to it. His Majesty’s Government (e.g., the Tsar and his ministers) may not increase its own power: HM Government may gain additional powers only by formal amendment to the Federal Constitution, a rather inherent and intentionally difficult undertaking requiring the concurrent approval of two-thirds of each House of the Federal Duma and the subsequent ratification by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the Regions.<br />
==== Federal Duma ====<br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_legis-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Federal Duma (Russian DFR)}}<br />
{{Imagebox.rounded|image=KB-RU_capitol1.jpg|width=184px|caption=[[Federation House (Russian DFR)|Federation House]], seat of the [[Federal Duma of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic]], the Federal legislative authority of the RDFR.|float=right}}<br />
The legislative Power of the Government of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is vested exclusively in the Federal Duma (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Федеральная Дума</span>) –officially the {{i|“Federal Duma of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Федеральная Дума Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>). The Federal Duma is a bicameral Legislature consisting of an upper house styled “Senate of the Federation” (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Сенат Федерации</span>) and a lower house called the “House of Assembly” (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Палата Собрания</span>). The consent of both Houses is necessary to pass legislation, whereafter it becomes law upon the approval of the Tsar, or if the Tsar vetoes the legislation, then upon the subsequent re-passing of the bill in each House by a two-thirds supermajority of the total Membership of each of them, respectively.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Senate}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_legisU-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span>{{main|Senate of the Federation (Russian DFR)}}<br />
The Senate of the Federation (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Сенат Федерации</span>), commonly known as the {{i|Senate of Russia}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Сенат России</span>), officially the {{i|“Senate of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Сенат Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), is the [[upper house]] of the Federal Duma of the RDFR, and through this Body the one hundred sixty-six Regions of Russia both, a) participate directly in the governance of the Federation at the Federal level, and, b) safeguard their residual Sovereignty.<br />
<br />
The composition of the Federation Senate is different from several other similar legislative Bodies representing Regions. Senators are not elected, but appointed by the Regional Governor by and with the Advice and Consent of the Regional Legislature. There are one hundred sixty-six Senators, one from each Region. In addition, each Region’s Senator is an at-will employee of the Governor, and their paycheck comes not from the Government of Russia, but from the Senator’s home Region. In addition, each Region has one Vote in the Senate, and the Senator from each Region must cast his Vote pursuant to instructions given to him by the Governor thereof. However, on Treaty ratification Votes, the Senator from each Region cast his Vote pursuant to instructions from the Legislature thereof.<br />
<br />
The Senate, to the exclusion of the Assembly, have the sole Power of ratifying Treaties signed by the Tsar, provided that the competence(s) embraced in the Treaty fall under Federal Jurisdiction (for Treaties embracing non-Federal competences, i.e., residual Regional competences, see [[#Status of Treaties at the Regional level|Status of Treaties at the Regional level]]). Without both the Tsar’s signature and the proper ratification, Treaties cannot be enforced in Russia; and until a Treaty is ratified, no obligations arising from the Treaty are binding on the Russian Democratic Federative Republic or any place subject to its jurisdiction. Also, the Senate have the sole Power of originating appropriations and other budget Bills, and of trying impeachment Cases brought forward by the Assembly (when the Tsar of Russia is tried, the Lawspeaker of the RDFR presides).<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|House of Assembly}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_legisL-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|House of Assembly (Russian DFR)}}<br />
The House of Assembly (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Палата Собрания</span>), officially the {{i|“House of Assembly of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Палата Собрания Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>) is the [[lower house]] of the [[bicameralism|bicameral]] Federal Duma, and is the Federal-level representation of the People of the respective 166 Regions. There are 580 Deputies, elected under a system of [[mixed-member proportional representation]] whereby 166 of the 580 Deputies are elected in one hundred sixty-six 1-member all-Region districts (one Deputy per entire Region) with the remaining 414 Deputies apportioned among the respective Regions reckoned according to population, and, in each of them, Deputies are elected on the basis of [[open-list]] proportional representation.<br />
<br />
==== Federal Executive ====<br />
{{main|Article II of the Russian DFR Federal Constitution}}<br />
The executive branch of the Russian DFR Federal Government consists of the [[Tsar of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic]] and the heads of the various ministries and agencies with ministry-level status. Together, the Tsar, ministers, and agency heads compose the [[Council of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Council of the Federation]] (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Совет Федерации</span>). The Federation Council is the Russian-equivalent to the [[council of ministers]] or [[Government (executive)|government]] in other states, and carries out (executes) the various Laws adopted by the [[Federal Duma of the Russian DFR|Federal Duma]]. According to the [[Constitution of the Russian DFR]], all executive Power of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is vested in the Tsar; however, in practice the Tsar delegates enforcement authority to his various ministers, with the Tsar maintaining oversight over the operation of the Federation’s executive and administrative apparatus.<br />
<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Tsar of the Federation}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_president-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Tsar of the Russian DFR}}<br />
{{Imagebox.rounded|image=KB-RU_petrograd-kremlin1.jpg|width=184px|caption=The [[Petrograd Kremlin|Kremlin]], seat of the Federal executive authority of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic.|float=right}}<br />
Even though the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is legally a Republic, the Executive effectively operates as a form of an elective and egalitarian quasi-monarchy (see: [[crowned republic]]), whereby the Tsar of the Federation is initially elected to a eight year Term by the People, but four Years into that eight-Year Term the Russian people are [[retention election|asked if the current Tsar should be retained in Office]] for another eight Years after his current Term expires. If the Vote is in the affirmative, then the Tsar retains his Commission for another Term (with another retention Election taking place halfway into the following Term), and the process repeats for as many times as necessary, until the retention of the incumbent is rejected at the polls and s/he finishes out the remainder of his/her Term, or resigns or is otherwise unable or unwilling to seek or serve another Term. If the sitting Tsar loses a retention Election, s/he finishes the remainder of his/her current Term –in addition, s/he must endure a four Year respite before seeking or serving another Term as Tsar or any post included in the Executive line of succession– and new Elections are held for the post of Tsar on the general Election Day in the Year next preceding the end of the current Term. Other than losing a retention Election, a sitting Tsar may only be removed from Office against his/her will by way of impeachment by the Assembly, and conviction by the Senate, for treason, bribery, or other serious crime —and persons removed from federal Office by impeachment are forever disqualified to hold public Office at the Federal level of government in Russia. In effect, this means that a Person serving as Tsar, so long as s/he does not bring the Office of Tsar into ill repute, and as long as s/he continues to maintain the Confidence of the Russian electorate, could effectively serve as Tsar for the rest of his/her life; although, in practice, this does not usually turn out to be the case. However, the office of Tsar is not hereditary: Whenever there is a Vacancy in the Office of Tsar by way of death, incapacitation, removal (by impeachment, losing an Election, or other), or resignation, Elections to fill the Vacancy in the Office of Tsar must take place on the next upcoming general Election Day. During such a Vacancy in the Office of Tsar, the Powers and Duties of the said Office devolve upon the Prime Minister in his official capacity as Tsar’s Deputy, or if there be no Prime Minister, then the Speaker of the Senate, followed by the Speaker of the Assembly, and then the various Secretaries of State in the order of the respective dates of establishment. Regardless of which official exercises the Powers and Duties of the Tsar, the person acting as such serves officially as Tsar-Regent until a new Tsar is elected, qualified, and thereafter sworn in.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Council of the Federation}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_government-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Council of the Federation (Russian DFR)}}<br />
To advise and assist the Tsar in the execution of his/her responsibilities, there is a council of ministers, styled as the [[Executive Council of the Federation (Russian DFR)|Executive Council of the Federation]] (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Исполнительный Совет Федераций</span>), officially the {{I|“Privy Council of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Тайный Совет Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), composed of the Prime Minister (officially styled the {{i|“Tsar’s Deputy”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Царский Заместитель</span>) and principle Officer in each of the various Federal Executive ministries and the heads of various Federal Agencies with ministry-level status. There are nine Federal Executive ministries (ten, including the Prime Minister’s Office) and seven Federal Agencies with ministry-level status, as follows:<br />
*{{b|Federal ministries—}}<br />
: – [[Prime Minister’s Office (Russian DFR)|Federal Prime Minister’s Office]] ([[Prime Minister of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Prime Minister]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Regional Affairs (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Regional Affairs]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Regional Affairs (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Law and Justice (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Law]] ([[Attorney-General of the Russian DFR|Attorney-General and Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for National Defence (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for National Defence]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for National Defence (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Civil Defence (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Civil Defence]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Civil Defence (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Public Security (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Public Security]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Public Security (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for the Treasury (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for the Treasury]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for the Treasury (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Trade (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Trade]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Trade (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Ministry for Transport (Russian DFR)|Federal Ministry for Transport]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Transport (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
<br />
*{{b|Federal agencies with ministry-level status—}}<br />
: – [[Federal Bank of Russia]] ([[Chairman of the Federal Bank of Russia|Chairman]])<br />
: – [[Office of the Federal Auditor-General (Russian DFR)|Office of the Federal Auditor-General]] ([[Auditor-General of the Russian DFR|Auditor-General]])<br />
: – [[Office of the Federal Ombudsman-General (Russian DFR)|Office of the Federal Ombudsman-General]] ([[Ombudsman-General of the Russian DFR|Ombudsman-General]])<br />
: – [[Federal Agency for Energy and Critical Infrastructure (Russian DFR)|Federal Agency for Energy and Critical Infrastructure]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Energy and Critical Infrastructure (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Agency for Environmental Protection (Russian DFR)|Federal Agency for Environmental Protection]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Environmental Protection (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Agency for Coast and Border Guard (Russian DFR)|Federal Agency for Coast and Border Guard]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for the Coast and Border Guard (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
: – [[Federal Agency for Immigration and Customs (Russian DFR)|Federal Agency for Immigration and Customs]] ([[Federal Secretary of State for Immigration and Customs (Russian DFR)|Secretary of State]])<br />
<!--<br />
: – [[Federal Security Service (Russian DFR)|Federal Security Service (Okhrana)]]<br />
: – [[Federal Intelligence Service (Russian DFR)|Federal Intelligence Service]]<br />
: – [[Federal Signals Intelligence Service (Russian DFR)|Federal Signals Intelligence Service]]<br />
--><br />
<br />
==== Federal Courts ====<br />
{{main|Federal Judiciary of Russian DFR}}<br />
At the Federal level, judicial Power is vested in the federal Courts of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic, which consist of three different Courts, namely the Supreme Court of the RDFR, the Circuit Court of the RDFR, and the District Court of the RDFR. The Supreme Court has administrative oversight over all federal Courts in the RDFR.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Supreme Court}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_SupremeCourt-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Supreme Court of the Russian DFR}}<br />
{{Imagebox.rounded|image=KB-RU verkhovnyy-sud1.jpg|width=164px|caption=The [[Verkhovnyy Sud building]], seat of the [[Supreme Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic]], the highest Court in all of the RDFR.|float=right}}<br />
The Supreme Court of Russia (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Верховный Суд России</span>), offically the {{i|“Supreme Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Верховный Суд Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), is the final Court of last resort, as well as the final appellate Court in the Russian Federal judiciary. The Supreme Court consists of fifteen judges, styled “Lawspeaker”, one of which who presides over the Court as [[Chief Lawspeaker of the Supreme Court (Russian DFR)|Chief Lawspeaker]]. The person holding the post of Chief Lawspeaker is the titular head of the Russian Federal judiciary.<br />
<br />
The Court is also the final interpreter of the Russian Federal Constitution and of the constitutionality of Federal laws with respect to the Federal Constitution. The Supreme Court has limited Power to strike down Regional laws, only able to do so where a Regional constitutional provision or law conflicts with the Federal Constitution or Federal law.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|Circuit Court}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_CircuitCourt-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|Circuit Court of the Russian DFR}}<br />
The Circuit Court of Russia (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Кругооборотй Суд России</span>), officially the {{i|“Circuit Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Кругооборотй Суд Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), is an intermediate appellate Court, but it is not a trial court. This Court can only review civil and criminal cases tried in District Court and, in certain circumstances, Regional Court, but only where there is a Federal question present. The Circuit Court is divided into nine regional Circuits, and each Circuit encompasses eight Regions and the District Court divisions conterminous with each of those eight Regions.<br />
{{clear}}<big>{{b|District Court}}</big><br />
<span style="float:left;padding:0 10px 10px 0;">[[File:KB-RU_DistrictCourt-logo.svg|256px|left]]</span><br />
{{main|District Court of the Russian DFR}}<br />
The District Court of Russia (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Окружный Суд России</span>), officially the {{i|“District Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic”}} (<span style="font-family:Exo2, Exo2-Regular, sans-serif !important;padding:0;">Окружный Суд Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики</span>), is the Federal-level trial Court, and has limited jurisdiction over a few civil and criminal Matters under Federal law; all other Federal civil and criminal Matters not assigned to this Court by the Federal Duma are devolved by the same to the Courts of the several Regions. The District Court is constituted as a single Court, but with a number of divisions equal to the number of Regions. Usually, a District Court division is based in a Region’s capital city, but in more populous Regions the Court for that Region may meet in additional places.<br />
<br />
=== Regions ===<br />
{{main|Constituent entities of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic}}<br />
{{Imagebox.rounded|image=RuDFR_map-Subdivisions(Red-Gradient).svg|caption=The Russian DFR is a Federal republic composed of [[Constituent entities of the Russian DFR|one hundred sixty-six self-governing federated Regions]]. The Russian DFR focuses outwards, largely only dealing with foreign affairs, national defense, national security, and maintaining peace and harmony between the one hundred sixty-six Regions and between them and the Federation; and the one hundred sixty-six Regions, respectively, focus inward, governing on all local matters, and on all other matters not expressly transferred by the [[Constitution of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic|Federal Constitution]] to Russia (the Federal sovereign).|float=right}}<br />
The Russian Democratic Federative Republic is a federation of one hundred sixty-six nominally semi-autonomous Regions. Each Region of the Russian DFR is styled in the form “[Province/Federal City] of (name)”; and each has its own governing institutions consisting of legislative, executive, and judicial bodies that operate independently from those of the Federation and from those of the other Regions.<br />
<br />
Additionally, the one hundred sixty-six Regions are not subordinated to the Federal head, nor is the Federation subordinate to the Regions. The Federation and the Regions are two halves of the same whole mass of sovereign Power: Each, when acting solely within its own remit, is supreme; when acting outside its remit, being totally unauthoritative; and neither the Federation nor the Regions may reduce the other to itself.<br />
==== List ====<br />
{{Russian provinces table}}<br />
{{clear}}<br />
==== Government ====<br />
===== Legislature =====<br />
{{main|Regional parliament (Russian DFR)}}<br />
{{see also|Regional senate (Russian DFR)|Regional assembly (Russian DFR)}}<br />
XXXX<br />
===== Executive =====<br />
{{main|Regional knyaz (Russian DFR)}}<br />
{{related|Regional council of state (Russian DFR)}}<br />
XXXX<br />
===== Judicial =====<br />
{{main|Regional court (Russia)}}<br />
{{see also|Regional supreme court (Russian DFR)|Regional intermediate appellate court (Russian DFR)|Regional superior court (Russian DFR)|Regional police court (Russian DFR)}}<br />
XXXX<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<!--<br />
== Geography ==<br />
{{main|Geography of the Russian DFR}}<br />
Russia is the largest country on Kobol, boasting more than 17 million square kilometres of territory. From Pskov in the west to Chukotka in the east, Russia spans ten time zones, or a span of a little less than one-half the circumference of Kobol.<br />
=== Climate ===<br />
{{main|Climate of the Russian DFR}}<br />
Most of Russia experiences a continental climate.<br />
=== Topography ===<br />
--><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
{{Main|Geography of the Russian DFR}}<br />
{{See also|List of Russian explorers}}<br />
[[File:KB-RU_map-relief.png|thumb|The topography of the Russian DFR]]<br />
The Russian Democratic Federative Republic is the second largest country on Kobol, boasting more than 17 million square kilometres of territory. The only country larger than Russia is the [[United Aegean Republic]]. From Pskov in the west to Chukotka in the east, the Federation spans nine time zones, or a span of a little less than one-half the circumference of Kobol; the total area of the Federation is {{convert|17060300|km2|sqmi|0}}. In the Russian DFR, there are 23 UNESCO [[World Heritage Sites in Russia]], 40 UNESCO [[biosphere reserve]]s, NUM [[National parks of the Russian DFR|national parks]] and 101 [[Zapovednik|nature reserves]]. <!--The Federation lies between latitudes [[41st parallel north|41°]] and [[82nd parallel north|82° N]], and longitudes [[19th meridian east|19° E]] and [[169th meridian west|169° W]].--><br />
<br />
Russia has a wide natural resource base, including major deposits of timber, petroleum, natural gas, coal, platinum, gold, iron, uranium, tiberium, ores and other mineral resources.<br />
=== Protected areas ===<br />
{{main|Protected areas of the Russian DFR|National Parks of the Russian DFR|National Forests of the Russian DFR}}<br />
=== Topography ===<br />
{{main|Topography of the Russian DFR|Mountains of the Russian DFR}}<br />
<!--<br />
The two widest separated points in Russia are about {{convert|8000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} apart along a [[geodesic]] line. These points are: the boundary with Poland on a {{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long [[Vistula Spit]] separating the [[Gdańsk Bay]] from the [[Vistula Lagoon]]; and the farthest southeast of the [[Kuril Islands]]. The points which are furthest separated in [[longitude]] are {{convert|6600|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} apart along a geodesic line. These points are: in the west, the same spit; in the east, the [[Big Diomede Island]]. The Russian Democratic Federative Republic spans 9 [[time zone]]s.<br />
--><br />
[[File:Elbrus North 195.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lonely Mountain]], the highest point of the [[Caucasus]], Russia and Europa]]<br />
Most of Russia consists of vast stretches of plains that are predominantly [[steppe]] to the south and heavily forested to the north, with [[tundra]] along the northern coast. Russia possesses 10% of the planet's [[arable land]]. Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]] (containing [[Lonely Mountain]], which at {{convert|5642|m|0|abbr=on}} is the highest point in both Russia and Europa) and the [[Altai Mountains|Altai]] (containing [[Mount Belukha]], which at the {{convert|4506|m|0|abbr=on}} is the highest point of Siberia outside of the [[Russian Far East]]); and in the eastern parts, such as the [[Verkhoyansk Range]] or the volcanoes of [[Province of Kamchatka|Kamchatka]] [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Peninsula]] (containing [[Klyuchevskaya Sopka]], which at the {{convert|4750|m|0|abbr=on}} is the highest [[active volcano]] in Eurasia as well as the highest point of [[Oriential Russia]]). The [[Ural Mountains]], rich in mineral resources, form a north-south range that divides Europa and Orientia.<br />
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Russia has an extensive coastline of over {{convert|37000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as along the [[Baltic Sea]], [[Sea of Azov]], [[Black Sea]] and [[Caspian Sea]]. The [[Barents Sea]], [[White Sea]], [[Kara Sea]], [[Laptev Sea]], [[East Siberian Sea]], [[Chukchi Sea]], [[Bering Sea]], [[Sea of Okhotsk]], and the [[Sea of Japan]] are linked to Russia via the Arctic and Pacific. Russia's major islands and archipelagos include [[Novaya Zemlya]], the [[Franz Josef Land]], the [[Severnaya Zemlya]], the [[New Siberian Islands]], [[Wrangel Island]], the [[Kuril Islands]], and [[Sakhalin]]. The [[Diomede Islands]] (one controlled by Russia, the other by Alaska of the United States) are just {{convert|3|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} apart, and [[Kunashir Island]] is about {{convert|20|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} from [[Hokkaido]], Japan.<br />
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[[File:Осетр река.jpg|thumb|right|[[Central Russian Upland]] near [[Zaraysk]], [[Podmoskovye Republic]].]]<br />
Russia [[Rivers in the Russian DFR|has thousands of rivers]] and inland bodies of water, providing the Federation with one of the planet’s largest surface water resources. Russia's lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the planet’s liquid [[fresh water]]. The largest and most prominent of Russia’s bodies of fresh water is [[Lake Baikal]], the planet’s deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake. Baikal alone contains over one-fifth of the planet’s fresh surface water. Other major lakes include [[Lake Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Lake Onega|Onega]], two of the [[largest lakes in Europe]]. <!--Russia is second only to Brazil in volume of the [[total renewable water resources]]. -->Of the Federation's 100,000 rivers, the [[Volga]] is the most famous, not only because it is the [[longest river in Europa]], but also because of its major role in Russian history. The Siberian rivers [[Ob River|Ob]], [[Yenisey]], [[Lena River|Lena]] and [[Amur River|Amur]] are among the [[Rivers of Kobol|longest rivers in the world]].<br />
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=== Geology ===<br />
{{main|Geology of the Russian DFR|Volcanoes of the Russian DFR|Earthquakes in the Russian DFR|Mining industry of the Russian DFR|Petroleum industry of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Natural hazards ===<br />
{{main|Natural hazards in the Russian DFR}}<br />
The Russian DFR is prone to destructive earthquakes in the Caucasus, Sakha-Baikal, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka-Kuril regions. The country is also rather volcanically active in the Caucasus, Kamchatka-Kuril, and Baikal regions.<br />
=== Natural and mineral resources ===<br />
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=== Climate ===<br />
{{Main|Climate of the Russian DFR}}<br />
[[File:Archangelsk taiga.JPG|thumb|left|[[Taiga]] forest in winter, [[Arkhangelsk Republic]]]]<br />
The enormous size of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the [[humid continental climate]], which is prevalent in all parts of the Federation except for the tundra and the extreme southeast. Mountains in the south obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian Ocean, while the plain of the west and north makes the Federation open to Arctic and Atlantic influences.<br />
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Most of Northern European Russia and Siberia has a [[subarctic climate]], with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia (mostly the [[Yakut Republic]], where the Northern [[Pole of Cold]] is located with the record low temperature of {{convert|−71.2|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}), and more moderate elsewhere. The strip of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the [[Russian Arctic islands]], have a [[polar climate]].<br />
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The coastal part of [[Krasnodar]] on the Black Sea, most notably in the province’s capital of [[Sochi]], possesses a [[humid subtropical climate]] with mild and wet winters. Winter is dry compared to summer in many regions of East Siberia and the Far East, while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the Federation usually falls as snow. The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some areas of southernmost Siberia, possesses a [[semi-arid climate]].<br />
{{Weather box<br />
|location = Russian DFR (records)<br />
|collapsed =<br />
|metric first = Y<br />
|single line = Y<br />
|Jan record high C = 22.2<br />
|Feb record high C = 23.8<br />
|Mar record high C = 30.3<br />
|Apr record high C = 34.0<br />
|May record high C = 37.7<br />
|Jun record high C = 43.2<br />
|Jul record high C = 45.4<br />
|Aug record high C = 43.5<br />
|Sep record high C = 41.5<br />
|Oct record high C = 33.7<br />
|Nov record high C = 29.1<br />
|Dec record high C = 25.0<br />
|year record high C = 45.4<br />
|Jan record low C = −71.2<br />
|Feb record low C = −64.4<br />
|Mar record low C = −60.6<br />
|Apr record low C = −46.4<br />
|May record low C = −28.9<br />
|Jun record low C = −9.7<br />
|Jul record low C = −9.3<br />
|Aug record low C = −17.1<br />
|Sep record low C = −25.3<br />
|Oct record low C = −47.6<br />
|Nov record low C = −58.5<br />
|Dec record low C = −62.8<br />
|year record low C = −71.2<br />
|date=August 1710<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Throughout much of the Federation there are only two distinct seasons—winter and summer—as spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low temperatures and extremely high. The coldest month is January (February on the coastline), the warmest usually is July. Great ranges of temperature are typical. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia. The continental interiors are the driest areas.<br />
=== Biodiversity ===<br />
{{Main|List of ecoregions in the Russian DFR|List of mammals of the Russian DFR|List of birds of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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== Foreign relations ==<br />
{{main|Foreign relations of the Russian DFR|Foreign policy of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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<!--<br />
=== Russian DFR–Kobol relations ===<br />
{{main|Russian DFR in the United Nations}}<br />
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=== Preeminent bilateral ties ===<br />
==== Chinese Empire-Russian DFR relations ====<br />
{{main|Chinese Empire-Russian DFR relations}}<br />
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==== European Confederacy-Russian DFR relations ====<br />
{{main|European Confederacy-Russian DFR relations}}<br />
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==== Japan-Russian DFR relations ====<br />
{{main|Japan-Russian DFR relations}}<br />
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==== Russian DFR-United States of South Aegea relations ====<br />
{{main|Russian DFR-VACUSSA relations}}<br />
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==== Russian DFR-United States of North Aegea relations ====<br />
{{main|Russian DFR-VACUSNA relations}}<br />
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--><br />
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== Defense and homeland security ==<br />
{{main|Ministry of Defence and Emergency Situations (Russian DFR)}}<br />
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=== Military of Russia ===<br />
{{main|Russian DFR Armed Services|Russian Federal Army|Russian Federal Navy|Russian Federal Air Force|Russian DFR Strategic Rocket Forces}}<br />
The Russian DFR military have global reach, able to deploy or strike any point on Kobol with relative ease.<br />
=== Emergency management ===<br />
{{main|Emergency management in the Russian DFR|Civil defense in the Russian DFR}}<br />
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== Law enforcement ==<br />
{{main|Law enforcement in the Russian DFR}}<br />
Pursuant to the Basic Law of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic, the Regions respectively retain primary competence over the police Power. The police forces of each Region enforce both Regional and Federal law.<br />
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== Economy ==<br />
{{main|Economy of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Agriculture ===<br />
{{main|Agriculture sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Industry ===<br />
{{main|Industry sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Infrastructure ===<br />
{{main|Infrastructure of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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==== Science and technology ====<br />
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==== Transportation ====<br />
{{main|Transportation in the Russian DFR}}<br />
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==== Energy ====<br />
{{main|Energy in the Russian DFR|Energy policy of the Russian DFR|Electricity sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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==== Telecommunications ====<br />
{{main|Telecom in the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Manufacturing ===<br />
{{main|Manufacturing sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Services ===<br />
{{main|Service sector of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Space exploration ===<br />
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=== Business climate ===<br />
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=== Taxation ===<br />
{{main|Taxation in the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Tourism ===<br />
{{main|Tourism in the Russian DFR}}<br />
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== Demographics ==<br />
{{main|Demographics of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Largest cities ===<br />
{{main|List of cities in the Russian DFR with a population above 10,000}}<br />
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=== Urbanization ===<br />
{{main|Urbanization in the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Language ===<br />
{{main|Russian language|Languages of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Religion ===<br />
{{main|Religion in the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Health ===<br />
{{main|Health and care in the Russian DFR|Provincial health services in the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Education ===<br />
{{main|Education in the Russian DFR|Education policy of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Age and gender ===<br />
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=== Ethnic groups ===<br />
{{main|Ethnic groups of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Immigration and emigration ===<br />
{{main|Immigration to the Russian DFR|Illegal immigration to the Russian DFR|Immigration policy of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Wealth ===<br />
{{main|Wealth in the Russian DFR|Poverty in the Russian DFR}}<br />
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== Culture ==<br />
{{main|Culture of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Folk culture ===<br />
{{main|Russian traditions and values|Folk culture of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Etiquette ===<br />
{{main|Etiqutte of the Russian DFR}}<br />
Russian society is very formal.<br />
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=== Cuisine ===<br />
{{main|Cuisine of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Architecture ===<br />
{{main|Architecture of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Visual arts ===<br />
XXXX<br />
==== Theatre ====<br />
{{main|Theatre in the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Music and dance ===<br />
{{main|Music of the Russian DFR}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Literature and philosophy ===<br />
{{main|Literature in the Russian DFR|Russian philosophy}}<br />
XXXX<br />
=== Cinema, animation and media ===<br />
{{main|Cinema in the Russian DFR|Media in the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Sports ===<br />
{{main|Sport in the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== National holidays and symbols ===<br />
{{main|Holidays in the Russian DFR|Symbols of the Russian DFR}}<br />
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=== Tourism ===<br />
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== See also ==<br />
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<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
[[category:Russian Democratic Federative Republic]]<br />
[[category:Federal states]]<br />
[[category:Presidential states]]<br />
[[category:Vampire states]]<br />
[[category:Constitutional states]]<br />
[[category:Republics]]</div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=Template:Russian_provinces_table&diff=41185Template:Russian provinces table2024-03-19T15:22:11Z<p>Andreios: Created page with "{| style="width:100%;float:left;font-family:{{tf-humanist}};border-collapse:collapse; " |- {{Listbox/headerstyle}} ! align=center style="padding:15px 5px 15px 5px;width:42px;"..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{| style="width:100%;float:left;font-family:{{tf-humanist}};border-collapse:collapse; "<br />
|- {{Listbox/headerstyle}}<br />
! align=center style="padding:15px 5px 15px 5px;width:42px;" | [[Provinces of the Russian DFR by flag|Flag]]<br />
! align=center style="padding:15px 5px 15px 5px;width:42px;" | [[Provinces of Russia by emblem|Seal]]<br />
! align=left style="padding:15px 5px 15px 5px;" | [[English language|Name (EN)]]<br />
! align=left style="padding:15px 5px 15px 5px;" | [[Russian language|Name (RU)]]<br />
! align=left style="padding:15px 5px 15px 5px;" | [[Provinces of the Russian DFR by capital|Capital]]<br />
! align=left style="padding:15px 5px 15px 5px;" | [[Provinces of the Russian DFR by area|Area (км²)]]<br />
! align=left style="padding:15px 5px 15px 5px;" | [[Provinces of the Russian DFR by population|Pop]]<br />
! align=left style="padding:15px 5px 15px 5px;" | [[Provinces of the Russian DFR by population density| / км²]]<br />
! align=left style="padding:15px 5px 15px 5px;" | [[Provinces of the Russian DFR by economy|GSP p/c]]<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Altai|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Altai|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Altai|#17478B}} || Алтайская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Amur|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Amur|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Amur|#17478B}} || Амурская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Arkhangelsk|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Arkhangelsk|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Arkhangelsk|#17478B}} || Архангельская || {{c-link|Arkhangelsk (city)|#17478B|Arkhangelsk}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Astrakhan|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Astrakhan|size=20px}} || {{c-link|Astrakhan|#17478B}} || Астраханская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Bashkortostan|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Bashkortostan|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Bashkortostan|#17478B}} || Башкортостан || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Belgorod|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Belgorod|size=32px}} || {{c-link|Belgorod|#17478B}} || Белгородская || {{c-link|Belgorod (city)|#17478B|Belgorod}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Bryansk|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Bryansk|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Bryansk|#17478B}} || Брянская || {{c-link|Bryansk (city)|#17478B|Bryansk}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Buryatia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Buryatia|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Buryatia|#17478B}} || Бурятия || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Volgograd|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Volgograd|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Volgograd|#17478B}} || Волгоградская || {{c-link|Volgograd (city)|#17478B|Volgograd}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Vologda|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Vologda|size=32px}} || {{c-link|Vologda|#17478B}} || Вологодская || {{c-link|Vologda (city)|#17478B|Vologda}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Voronezh|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Voronezh|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Voronezh|#17478B}} || Воронежская || {{c-link|Voronezh (city)|#17478B|Voronezh}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Dagestan|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Dagestan|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Dagestan|#17478B}} || Дагестан || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Zabaykalia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Zabaykalia|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Zabaykalia|#17478B}} || Забайкалья || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Ivanovo|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Ivanovo|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Ivanovo|#17478B}} || Ивановская || {{c-link|Ivanovo (city)|#17478B|Ivanovo}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Ingria|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Ingria|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Ingria|#17478B}} || Ингрия || {{c-link|Inzhegrad|#17478B|Inzhegrad}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Irkutsk|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Irkutsk|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Irkutsk|#17478B}} || Иркутская || {{c-link|Irkutsk (city)|#17478B|Irkutsk}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kabardia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Kabardia|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Kabardia|#17478B}} || Кабардия || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kalmykia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Kalmykia|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Kalmykia|#17478B}} || Калмыкия || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kaluga|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Kaluga|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Kaluga|#17478B}} || Калужская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kamchatka|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Kamchatka|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Kamchatka|#17478B}} || Камчатская || {{c-link|Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky|#17478B|Petropavlovsk}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Karachay-Cherkessia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Karachay-Cherkessia|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Karachay-Cherkessia|#17478B}} || Карачаево-Черкесии || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Karelia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Karelia|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Karelia|#17478B}} || Карелия || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kirov|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Kirov|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Kirov|#17478B}} || Кировская || {{c-link|Kirov (city)|#17478B|Kirov}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Komi|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Komi|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Komi|#17478B}} || Коми || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Krasnodar|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Krasnodar|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Krasnodar|#17478B}} || Краснодарская || {{c-link|Sochi|#17478B|Sochi}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Krasnoyarsk|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Krasnoyarsk|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Krasnoyarsk|#17478B}} || Красноярская || {{c-link|Krasnoyarsk (city)|#17478B|Krasnoyarsk}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kurgan|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Kurgan|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Kurgan|#17478B}} || Курганская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Kursk|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Kursk|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Kursk|#17478B}} || Курская || {{c-link|Kursk (city)|#17478B|Kursk}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Lipetsk|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Lipetsk|size=32px}} || {{c-link|Lipetsk|#17478B}} || Липецкая || {{c-link|Lipetsk (city)|#17478B|Lipetsk}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Mordovia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Mordovia|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Mordovia|#17478B}} || Мордовия || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Murmansk|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Murmansk|size=32px}} || {{c-link|Murmansk|#17478B}} || Мурманская || {{c-link|Murmansk (city)|#17478B|Murmansk}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Nizhny Novgorod|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Nizhny Novgorod|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Nizhny Novgorod|#17478B}} || Нижегородская || {{c-link|Nizhny Novgorod (city)|#17478B|Nizhegrad}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Novgorod|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Novgorod|size=32px}} || {{c-link|Novgorod|#17478B}} || Новгородская || {{c-link|Novgorod (city)|#17478B|Novgorod}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Orenburg|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Orenburg|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Orenburg|#17478B}} || Оренбургская || {{c-link|Orenburg (city)|#17478B|Orenburg}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Oryol|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Oryol|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Oryol|#17478B}} || Орёлская || {{c-link|Oryol (city)|#17478B|Oryol}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Ossetia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Ossetia|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Ossetia|#17478B}} || Осетия || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Penza|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Penza|size=36px}} || {{c-link|Penza|#17478B}} || Пензеская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Perm|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Perm|size=24px}} || {{c-link|Perm|#17478B}} || Пермская || {{c-link|Perm (city)|#17478B|Perm}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Podmoskovye|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Podmoskovye|size=32px}} || {{c-link|Podmoskovye|#17478B}} || Подмосковья || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Primorsky|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Primorsky|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Primorksy|#17478B}} || Приморская || {{c-link|Vladivostok|#17478B|Vladivostok}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Rostov|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Rostov|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Rostov|#17478B}} || Ростовская || {{c-link|Rostov-na-Donu|#17478B|Rostov-on-Don}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Ryazan|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Ryazan|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Ryazan|#17478B}} || Рязанская || {{c-link|Ryazan (city)|#17478B|Ryazan}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Samara|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Samara|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Samara|#17478B}} || Самарская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Saratov|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Saratov|size=24px}} || {{c-link|Saratov|#17478B}} || Саратовская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Sakhalin|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Sakhalin|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Sakhalin|#17478B}} || Сахалинская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Sverdlovsk|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Sverdlovsk|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Sverdlovsk|#17478B}} || Свердловская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Siberia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Siberia|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Siberia|#17478B}} || Сибирская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Smolensk|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Smolensk|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Smolensk|#17478B}} || Смоленская || {{c-link|Smolensk (city)|#17478B|Smolensk}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Stavropol|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Stavropol|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Stavropol|#17478B}} || Ставропольская || {{c-link|Stavropol (city)|#17478B|Stavropol}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Tambov|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Tambov|size=32px}} || {{c-link|Tambov|#17478B}} || Тамбовская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Tatarstan|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Tatarstan|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Tatarstan|#17478B}} || Татарстан || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Tver|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Tver|size=32px}} || {{c-link|Tver|#17478B}} || Тверская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Tula|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Tula|size=32px}} || {{c-link|Tula|#17478B}} || Тульская || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Tyva|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Tyva|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Tyva|#17478B}} || Тыва || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Udmurtia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Udmurtia|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Udmurtia|#17478B}} || Удмуртия || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Ulyanovsk|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Ulyanovsk|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Ulyanovsk|#17478B}} || Ульяновская || {{c-link|Ulyanovsk (city)|#17478B|Ulyanovsk}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Khabarovsk|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Khabarovsk|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Khabarovsk|#17478B}} || Хабаровская || {{c-link|Khabarovsk (city)|#17478B|Khabarovsk}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Chelyabinsk|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Chelyabinsk|size=32px}} || {{c-link|Chelyabinsk|#17478B}} || Челябинская || {{c-link|Chelyabinsk (city)|#17478B|Chelyabinsk}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Chechnya|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Chechnya|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Chechnya|#17478B}} || Чечня || {{c-link|Grozny|#17478B|Grozny}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Chuvashia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Chuvashia|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Chuvashia|#17478B}} || Чувашия || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Chukotka|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Chukotka|size=32px}} || {{c-link|Chukotka|#17478B}} || Чукотская || {{c-link|Magadan|#17478B|Magadan}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Yakutia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Yakutia|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Yakutia|#17478B}} || Якутия || {{c-link|Yakutsk|#17478B|Yakutsk}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row0style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Yamalia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Yamalia|size=32px}} || {{c-link|Yamalia|#17478B}} || Ямалия || {{c-link|capital|#17478B|capital}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row1style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Yaroslav|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Yaroslav|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Yaroslav|#17478B}} || Ярославская || {{c-link|Yaroslav (city)|#17478B|Yaroslav}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|- {{Listbox/row2style}}<br />
| {{flagicon|Russia|size=42px}} || {{emblem|Russia|size=42px}} || {{c-link|Russia|#17478B}} || Россия || {{c-link|Moscow, F.G.|#17478B}} || areakm || pop || denskm || ₪ gsp<br />
|}</div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Vitsebsk_Voblast.svg&diff=41184File:Flag of Vitsebsk Voblast.svg2024-03-19T15:19:25Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Minsk_City.svg&diff=41183File:Flag of Minsk City.svg2024-03-19T15:19:10Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Minsk_Voblast.svg&diff=41182File:Flag of Minsk Voblast.svg2024-03-19T15:18:50Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mahilyow_Voblast.svg&diff=41181File:Flag of Mahilyow Voblast.svg2024-03-19T15:18:40Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblast.svg&diff=41180File:Flag of Hrodna Voblast.svg2024-03-19T15:18:30Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Homyel_Voblast.svg&diff=41179File:Flag of Homyel Voblast.svg2024-03-19T15:18:18Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Brest_Voblast.svg&diff=41178File:Flag of Brest Voblast.svg2024-03-19T15:18:08Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Lviv_oblast_coa.png&diff=41177File:Lviv oblast coa.png2024-03-19T15:17:10Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Large_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast.svg&diff=41176File:Large Coat of Arms of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:17:00Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast-COA.svg&diff=41175File:Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast-COA.svg2024-03-19T15:16:49Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Emblem_of_Crimea.svg&diff=41174File:Emblem of Crimea.svg2024-03-19T15:16:36Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Zhytomyr_Oblast.svg&diff=41173File:Coat of Arms of Zhytomyr Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:16:22Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Zaporizhia_Oblast.svg&diff=41172File:Coat of arms of Zaporizhia Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:16:13Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Volyn_Oblast.svg&diff=41171File:Coat of Arms of Volyn Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:16:04Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Vinnytsa_Oblast.svg&diff=41170File:Coat of Arms of Vinnytsa Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:15:54Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ternopil_Oblast.svg&diff=41169File:Coat of Arms of Ternopil Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:15:39Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Sumy_Oblast.svg&diff=41168File:Coat of Arms of Sumy Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:15:27Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Rivne_Oblast.svg&diff=41167File:Coat of Arms of Rivne Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:15:17Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Poltava_Oblast.svg&diff=41166File:Coat of Arms of Poltava Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:15:07Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa_Oblast.svg&diff=41165File:Coat of Arms of Odesa Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:14:56Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Mykolaiv_Oblast.svg&diff=41164File:Coat of Arms of Mykolaiv Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:14:46Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kirovohrad_Oblast.svg&diff=41163File:Coat of Arms of Kirovohrad Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:14:34Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kiev_Oblast.svg&diff=41162File:Coat of Arms of Kiev Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:14:24Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnytskyi_Oblast.svg&diff=41161File:Coat of Arms of Khmelnytskyi Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:13:56Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kherson_Oblast.svg&diff=41160File:Coat of Arms of Kherson Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:13:46Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Donetsk_Oblast_1999.svg&diff=41159File:Coat of Arms of Donetsk Oblast 1999.svg2024-03-19T15:13:35Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernivtsi_Oblast.svg&diff=41158File:Coat of Arms of Chernivtsi Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:13:25Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernihiv_Oblast.svg&diff=41157File:Coat of Arms of Chernihiv Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:13:16Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Cherkasy_Oblast.svg&diff=41156File:Coat of Arms of Cherkasy Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:13:06Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_Luhansk_Oblast.svg&diff=41155File:Coat of Arms Luhansk Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:12:52Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:COA_of_Sevastopol.svg&diff=41154File:COA of Sevastopol.svg2024-03-19T15:12:43Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg&diff=41153File:COA of Kyiv Kurovskyi.svg2024-03-19T15:12:35Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:COA_of_Kharkiv_Oblast.svg&diff=41152File:COA of Kharkiv Oblast.svg2024-03-19T15:12:26Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Karpatska_Ukraina-2_COA.svg&diff=41151File:Karpatska Ukraina-2 COA.svg2024-03-19T15:12:10Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreioshttps://kobol.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=File:Prapor_Vinnytskoyi_oblasti.svg&diff=41150File:Prapor Vinnytskoyi oblasti.svg2024-03-19T15:11:56Z<p>Andreios: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Andreios