Russian Federation (1691–1727)

, officially the, sometimes shortened to just  (Russian: ), and commonly referred to as the  (: Российская Федерация) or just  (: Россия), is a federal constitutional presidential republic straddling the continents of Europa and Orientia. Russia is composed of sixty-four self-governing States that share sovereignty with the Russian Federal Government; Moscow, as the Federal capital of the Russian Federation, is not a State but a Federal City, and as such it is wholly subordinated to the Russian Federal Government.

=History=

The history of Russia spans across the better part of seventeen centuries, beginning with the founding of the Moscow Confederacy in the year 32, transitioning to the founding of the Kingdom of Russia in 684, the Russian Republic in 928, the Old Russian Federation in 1147, and to the present-day Russian Democratic Federative Republic in 1291. Each subsequent state entity that has governed the Russian territory is considered to be the legal successor of the previous state entity, making the Russian State nearly seventeen centuries old, which operated throughout that period under various constitutional forms.

Russian Republic
In 928, the Crown was deposed and the Kingdom of Russia was replaced by the temporary Provisional Government of the Russian Republic, whose primary purpose was to convene a constitutional convention to draft and submit to the People a permanent Constitution for Russia. In 930, upon the popular ratification of the proposed Bsic Law for the Russian Republic, the Provisional Government was replaced by a permanent government of the Russian Republic.

Old Russian Federation: Federation of the Russian State
On 25 December 1291 the People of Russia voted to adopt the proposed Constitution for the Russian Federation, and on 6 February 1292, the Government of the Russian Republic gave way to the [Old] Russian Federation. Under the Constitution, Federalism in the [Old] Russian Federation was to be asymmetric, based on the inequality between States, provinces, and territories.

RDFR: Reorganization of the Russian federation
In 1291, voters approved a major revision of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in which Federalism in Russia was made symmetrical. The provinces and territories were elevated to Statehood on par with the existing States. Furthermore, the Constitution was also revised as to the official name of the Russian State, replacing "Russian Federation" with "Russian Democratic Federative Republic". In addition, the Constitution was also amended to make the several State Legislatures, and not the People, responsible for approving or rejecting amendments to the Federal Constitution; the approval of no less than three-fourths of the States (via their respective Legislatures) was made the minimum threshold required for amending the Constitution of the RDFR.

Global governance
The United States of Kobol Organization was established following the conclusion of the Tiberium Wars, with a purpose of regulating (making regular and orderly) international trade on Kobol, especially in the global Tiberium market. Since its establishment, the government of the U.S.K. has been given additional mandates, such as ensuring a regular and orderly system for international relations and ensuring the same for the conduct of diplomatic affairs in general.

=Government and politics=

Politics in the Russian Democratic Federative Republic take place under the framework of a constitutional presidential federal republic, in which majority Rule is tempered by minority Rights; and the Powers of government are divided between two levels of sovereignty (e.g., Federal and State), and within each sovereignty the powers of government are separated into three branches —namely the legislative, executive, and judicial— where the powers of each are checked and balanced by the powers of the other two. No branch may exercise any of the powers properly belonging to another branch: the Legislature cannot carry out (execute) or judge the law, the Executive cannot legislate or adjudicate, and the Courts cannot make or execute the law. However, each branch slightly interferes with the operation of the other branches in such a way as to prevent any of them from becoming dominant. For example, presidential appointments of executive department Heads and federal Judges must be approved by the Senate in order to take office, and Treaties signed by the President must then ratified by the Senate before they can be considered binding on the Russian Democratic Federative Republic (although the Senate has the sole power to denounce and abrogate treaties to which Russia is a party); the President has the power to veto (reject) legislation passed by the Federal Parliament (and the Federal Parliament, by an affirmative vote of two-thirds of all members in each House, can override a presidential veto and pass the bill directly into law over the objections of the President); the Federal Parliament, and not the President, creates and abolishes executive agencies and funds or defunds them; the Federal Parliament, and not the President, has the power of the purse; and the Federal Parliament can impeach and remove executive and judicial officers that bring their office into ill repute, or otherwise engage in criminal, incompetent, or otherwise improper behavior.

Federalism
In the Russian Democratic Federative Republic the sovereignty of the Russian State, especially when it comes to legislative competence, is divided between the Federation and the States. The Federation and the States, as constituting two separate divisions of the total national sovereignty of the Russian State, are each allocated exclusive jurisdiction over separate sets of legislative competence; however, residual sovereignty resides exclusively in the States respectively in that each of them retains exclusive and supreme jurisdiction over all subjects that are not expressly vested in the Federation. Within their own fields of competence, the Federation and the States, respectively, is the supreme sovereign; and together, the Federal and the State powers form one complete sovereign, where neither may reduce the other to itself (e.g., the Federation cannot abolish the States and absorb their powers for itself, or vice versa), and where the existence of each depends on the existence of both —e.g., the Federation cannot exist without the existence of the States, just as the States cannot exist without the Federation.

Federalism in Russia is symmetrical, whereby the sovereignty guaranteed to each State is equal to that which is guaranteed to all of the States (e.g., a federation as opposed to the asymmetric federalism of a federacy).

The vast majority of sovereignty is retained by the individual States ("Residual Sovereignty"); only a select few enumerated powers are delegated to Russia ("Delegated sovereignty") to be exercised on behalf of all of the States for the benefit of them all. Such enumerated powers include those for providing for a regular and orderly system of trade among the States (freedom of movement and of trade between each State); making Treaties with foreign States (however, the obligations of a Treaty are performed by whatever sovereign, Federal or State, has competence over the subject or subjects embraced in the Treaty); providing for the common Defense of the States and the Federation as a whole by raising and supporting Armies, providing and maintaining a Navy and an Air Force, and to provide a uniform, Federation-wide code of general (macro) military regulations for the Militia of the respective States; to make Rules for the Government of the Army, Navy, and Air Force of Russia; to make uniform Rules for Governing such part of the State Militias that may, from time to time, be called into the express service of the Russian Federation (each State is reserved the power to appoint and remove the Officers in its Militia); establishing Federal courts and assigning their jurisdiction; establishing uniform Rules throughout Russia on the subjects of Naturalization and Bankruptcy; providing for a Federation-wide meteorological Service; providing for a safe, regular, and ordered regime for the airspace of Russia; arbitrating disputes between two or more States; setting a uniform Standard on Weights and Measurements; establishing and maintaining Post offices and Post routes; establishing throughout Russia uniform Rules on the subjects of Copyright and Patent; providing to the States for the maintenance of their respective systems of universal healthcare; to define and punish Piracy and crimes against the Law of Nations; and to exercise exclusive jurisdiction, over all subjects whatsoever, over the Federal capital city of Moscow. All undelegated powers, including the police power, are reserved exclusively to the States respectively.

Status of Treaties at the State level
The general power to make Treaties with foreign States is (for the most part) exclusively vested in the Federation, whereby the President of Russia is vested with power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Federation Senate (provided that at least two-thirds of all of the Senators concur), to make Treaties with foreign States; but the respective States retain full power, insofar as they are competent to legislate, to make Treaties with each other and, with the Consent of the Federal Parliament, with foreign States. However, the actual performance of a Treaty's obligations (e.g., implementing the Treaty) falls to whatever power, be it Federal or State, that has competence over the subject or subjects embraced in the Treaty —Under Russian law, a Treaty that has been signed and ratified is not, solely by the fact of it having been signed and ratified, considered self-executing; rather the obligations of a Treaty must be enacted into domestic law by whatever legislature has competence over the subject or subjects embraced by the Treaty (depending on the Treaty, the obligations thereof could be performed at the Federal or State level, or by both if the Treaty embraces a combination of Federal and State competences).

Federal Parliament
The legislative Power of the Government of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is vested exclusively in the Federal Parliament of Russia (Russian: Федеральное Скупщиние России) –officially the Federal Parliament of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic (: Федеральное Скупщиние Российской Демократической Федеративной Республикий). The Federal Parliament is a bicameral Legislature consisting of an upper house called the Senate of the Federation (: Сенат Федерации) and a lower house called the House of Delegates (: Палата Делегатов). The consent of both Houses is necessary to pass legislation, whereafter it becomes law upon the approval of the President, or if the President vetoes the legislation, then upon the subsequent re-passing of the bill by a two-thirds supermajority in each House.

Senate
The Senate of Russia (: Сенат России), officially the Senate of the Federation (Russian: Сенат Федерации), is the upper house of the Federal Parliament of the RDFR, and through this body the sixty-four States of Russia both, a) partiticipate directly in the governance of the Federation at the Federal level, and, b) safeguard their residual sovereignty.

The composition of the Federation Senate is different from several other similar legislative bodies representing regions (other than the federal legislative upper houses of Canada, the Federated States, the Confederate States, and the Slavic Federation, with which Russia shares the same method of composition). Senators are not elected, but appointed by the State Governor by and with the Advice and Consent of the State Legislature. There are one hundred twenty-eight Senators, two from each State. In addition, each State's Senators are at-will employees of the Governor, and their paycheck comes not from the Government of Russia, but from the Senator's State. In addition, each State has two votes in the Senate, which must be cast as a bloc, and the two Senators from each State must cast their votes pursuant to instructions given to them by the Governor thereof —the State's two votes cannot be divided (a divided vote by a State's delegation is counted as an abstention by that State).

The Senate of the Federation, to the exclusion of the House of Delegates, has the sole power of ratifying Treaties signed by the President, provided that the competence(s) embraced in the Treaty fall under Federal Jurisdiction (for Treaties embracing non-Federal competences, i.e., residual State competences, see Status of Treaties at the State level). Without both the President's signature and the proper ratification, Treaties cannot be enforced in Russia; and until a Treaty is ratified, no obligations arising from the Treaty are binding on the Russian Democratic Federative Republic or any place subject to its jurisdiction. Also, the Senate has the sole power of originating appropriations and other budget bills and of trying impeachment cases brought forward by the House of Delegates (when the President of Russia is tried, the Chief Justice of the RDFR presides).

House of Delegates
The House of Delegates of Russia (: Палата Делегатов России), officially the House of Delegates of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic (: Палата Делегатов Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики) is the lower house of the bicameral Federal Parliament, and is the Federal-level representation of the Russian people. There are 460 Delegates, elected under a system of mixed-member proportional representation whereby 256 of the 460 Delegates are elected in sixty-four 4-member districts (with four Delegates being elected in each State) with the remaining 204 elected on the basis of open-list proportional representation.

Federal Executive
The executive power of the Federation Government of Russia is vested in the office of President of Russia (: Президент России), officially styled "President of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic" (: "Президент Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики").

President of the Federation
Even though the Russian Democratic Federative Republic is legally a republic, the Federation executive effectively operates as a form of an elective quasi-monarchy (see: crowned republic), whereby the President of the Federation is initially elected to a four year term by the People of Russia, but two years into that four-year term the Russian people are asked if the current President should be retained in office for another four years after his current term expires. If the vote is in the affirmative, then the President stays in office for another term (with another retention election halfway into the succeeding term), and the process repeats for as many times as necessary, until the incumbent either loses a retention election and finishes out the remainder of his term, or resigns or is otherwise unable or unwilling to seek another term. If the sitting President loses a retention election, he finishes the remainder of his current term –and s/he is prohibited from seeking another term until four years have intervened– and new elections are held for the presidency on the general election day in the year preceding the end of the current term. Other than losing a retention election, a sitting President may only be removed from office against his will by way of impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other felony or misdemeanor —and persons removed from office by impeachment are forever disqualified to hold public office at any level of government in Russia. In effect, this means that a person serving as President, so long as he does not bring the Office of President into ill repute, and as long as he continues to maintain the confidence of the Russian electorate, could effectively serve as President for the rest of his life; although, in practice, this does not usually turn out to be the case. However, the office of President is not hereditary: Whenever there is a vacancy in the Presidency by way of death, incapacitation, removal (by impeachment, losing an election, or other), or resignation, elections to fill the vacancy in the office of President must take place on the next upcoming general election day. During such a vacancy in the Presidency, the powers and duties of the office of President devolve upon the Speaker of the Senate, who serves as Acting President until a new President is elected, qualified, and thereafter sworn in.

Council of the Federation
To advise and assist the President in the execution of his responsibilities, there is a council of ministers, called the Council of the Federation (: Совет Федераций России), composed of the principle officer in each of the various federal executive ministries and the heads of various federal agencies with ministry-level status. There are eight federal executive ministries and seven federal agencies with ministry-level status, as follows:
 * – Ministry for Foreign Affairs
 * – Ministry for Intergovernmental Affairs
 * – Ministry for Emergency and Military Affairs
 * – Ministry for Justice
 * – Ministry for Finance
 * – Ministry for International Trade
 * – Ministry for Health
 * – Ministry for Transport
 * – Ministry for Transport


 * – Office of the Federal Auditor-General
 * – Office of the Federal Ombudsman-General
 * – Federal Agency for Environmental Protection
 * – Federal Service for Customs and Border Protection
 * – Federal Service for Immigration and Customs Enforcement
 * – Federal Security Service
 * – Federal Bank of Russia
 * – Federal Bank of Russia

Federal Courts
At the Federal level, judicial power is vested in the federal Courts of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic, which consist of three different courts, namely the Supreme Court of the RDFR, the Circuit Court of the RDFR, and the District Court of the RDFR.

Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of Russia (: Верховный Суд России), offically the Supreme Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic (: Верховный Суд Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики), is a court of last resort, as well as the final appellate court in the Russian judicial system, Federal and State.

The Court is also the final interpreter of the Russian Federal Constitution and of the constitutionality of Federal laws with respect to the Federal Constitution. The Supreme Court has limited power to declare State laws unconstitutional, only able to do so where a State law or constitutional provision conflicts with the Federal Constitution or, in rare cases, with a Federal law.

Circuit Court
The Circuit Court of Russia (: Областный Суд России), officially the Circuit Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic (: Областный Суд Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики), also called the "Regional Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic" (Russian: Областный Суд Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики), is an intermediate appellate court, but it is not a trial court. This Court can only review civil and criminal cases tried in District Court and, in certain circumstances, State-level courts, but only where there is a Federal question present. The Circuit Court is divided into eight regional circuits, and each circuit encompasses eight States and the District Court divisions conterminous with each of those eight States.

District Court
The District Court of Russia (: Окружный Суд России), officially the District Court of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic (: Окружный Суд Российской Демократической Федеративной Республики), is the Federal-level trial court, and has limited jurisdiction over a few civil and criminal matters under Federal law; all other Federal civil and criminal matters not assigned to this Court by the Congress are devolved by the same to the Courts of the several States. The District Court is constituted as a single court, but with a number of divisions equal to the number of States, plus one for Moscow (currently sixty-five). Usually, a District Court division is based in a State's capital city, but in more populous States the Court may meet in additional places.

The rules of procedure of the District Court are split sixty-five ways. This is because the Legislature of each State proscribes the rules of procedure not only for that State's Court system, but also for the Federal District Court division in and for that State; and the Federal government proscribes such rules for the Federal City of Moscow. Such rules of procedure include, but are not limited to, rules of evidence, civil and criminal procedure …

States
The Russian Democratic Federative Republic is a federation of sixty-four quasi-sovereign and self-governing States. Each State of the Russian DFR is styled in the form "Republic of (name)"; and each of them has its own government consisting of legislative, executive, and judicial bodies that operate independently of those of the Federation and those of the other States.

=Geography=

The Russian Democratic Federative Republic is the largest country on Kobol, boasting more than 17 million square kilometres of territory. From Pskov in the west to Chukotka in the east, the Federation spans nine time zones, or a span of a little less than one-half the circumference of Kobol; the total area of the Federation is 17060300 km2. In the Russian DFR, there are NUM national parks and 101 nature reserves.

Russia has a wide natural resource base, including major deposits of timber, petroleum, natural gas, coal, ores and other mineral resources.

Topography
Most of Russia consists of vast stretches of plains that are predominantly steppe to the south and heavily forested to the north, with tundra along the northern coast. Russia possesses 10% of the planet's arable land. Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the Caucasus (containing Lonely Mountain, which at 5642 m is the highest point in both Russia and Europa) and the Altai (containing Mount Belukha, which at the 4506 m is the highest point of Siberia outside of the Russian Far East); and in the eastern parts, such as the Verkhoyansk Range or the volcanoes of Kamchatka Peninsula (containing Klyuchevskaya Sopka, which at the 4750 m is the highest active volcano in Eurasia as well as the highest point of Oriential Russia). The Ural Mountains, rich in mineral resources, form a north-south range that divides Europa and Orientia.

Russia has an extensive coastline of over 37000 km along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as along the Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea and Caspian Sea. The Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, Chukchi Sea, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and the Sea of Japan are linked to Russia via the Arctic and Pacific. Russia's major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, the Franz Josef Land, the Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. The Diomede Islands (one controlled by Russia, the other by Alaska of Canada) are just 3 km apart, and Kunashir Island is about 20 km from Hokkaido, Japan.

Russia has thousands of rivers and inland bodies of water, providing the Federation with one of the planet's largest surface water resources. Russia's lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the planet's liquid fresh water. The largest and most prominent of Russia's bodies of fresh water is Lake Baikal, the planet's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake. Baikal alone contains over one-fifth of the planet's fresh surface water. Other major lakes include Ladoga and Onega, two of the largest lakes in Europe. Of the Federation's 100,000 rivers, the Volga is the most famous, not only because it is the longest river in Europa, but also because of its major role in Russian history. The Siberian rivers Ob, Yenisey, Lena and Amur are among the longest rivers in the world.

Natural hazards
The Russian DFR is prone to destructive earthquakes in the Caucasus, Sakha-Baikal, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka-Kuril regions. The country is also rather volcanically active in the Caucasus, Kamchatka-Kuril, and Baikal regions.

Climate
The enormous size of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the humid continental climate, which is prevalent in all parts of the Federation except for the tundra and the extreme southeast. Mountains in the south obstruct the flow of warm air masses from the Indian Ocean, while the plain of the west and north makes the Federation open to Arctic and Atlantic influences.

Most of Northern European Russia and Siberia has a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia (mostly the Yakut Republic, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of −71.2 °C), and more moderate elsewhere. The strip of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the Russian Arctic islands, have a polar climate.

The coastal part of Krasnodar Republic on the Black Sea, most notably in the republic's capital of Sochi, possesses a humid subtropical climate with mild and wet winters. Winter is dry compared to summer in many regions of East Siberia and the Far East, while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the Federation usually falls as snow. The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some areas of southernmost Siberia, possesses a semi-arid climate.

Throughout much of the territory there are only two distinct seasons—winter and summer—as spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low temperatures and extremely high. The coldest month is January (February on the coastline), the warmest usually is July. Great ranges of temperature are typical. In winter, temperatures get colder both from south to north and from west to east. Summers can be quite hot, even in Siberia. The continental interiors are the driest areas.

Biodiversity
=Foreign relations=

Russia–Kobol relations
=Defense and homeland security=

Emergency management
=Law enforcement=

Pursuant to the Basic Law of the Russian Democratic Federative Republic, the States respectively retain exclusive competence over the police power. The police forces of each State enforce both State and Federal law.

=Economy=

Tourism
=Infrastructure=

Health
=Demographics=

Wealth
=Culture=

Etiquette
Russian society is very formal.

Traditions
=See also=