Politics of the United States

The politics of the United States function within the framework of a Fœderal constitutional presidential republican Union of eighteen free and independent States.

The political system of the United States differs from those of other organizations and states due to the unique nature of the United States. The United States are similar to a confederation, where many policy areas are federalized into common institutions capable of making law; however the United States Government does not, unlike most states, control foreign policy, defense policy or the majority of direct taxation policies. In addition, the United States do not compose a single state or country, but posses attributes of both a confederation of fully-sovereign States and a federation of non-sovereign, federated States, creating a new, sui generis type of body politic and corporate known as a "Fœderacy" or "supranational Union" that falls between a Confederation and a Federation. As in Federations, US laws enacted pursuant to the Constitution override State laws and policy areas are slightly more numerous than historical confederations, however, as in Confederations, the Congress of the United States is legally prohibited from making law outside its remit, and any Federal law, rule, decree, order, or any other Thing having force of Federal law enacted outside the express constitutional delegation of authority to the United States is altogether null, void, unauthoritative, and of no force whatsoever throughout the United States and every place subject to their jurisdiction. Furthermore, as is also the case in Confederations, the eighteen member States are, and forever remain, the Masters of the Constitution; and any Amendment thereto requires the express Consent (Ratification) of every State. However, unlike Confederations, Federal laws in the United States have direct effect on the People of the respective States; but, unlike in most Federations, in the United States the majority of the body of Federal law is carried out not by the Union but by the States. In fact, there are no Federal-level law enforcement agencies in the United States, and the only Federal-level tribunal in the United States is the United States Federal Court, but even then, this Court is limited in its subject-Matter jurisdiction, only able to hear Cases pertaining to Questions of the constitutionality of Federal law vis-á-vis the Federal Constitution: Under the United States' Federalist system, Federal-level Courts are without Authority to hear any Case unless it involves a Question about the constitutionality of a Federal law; and cannot hear any Case involving any Matter or Question of State law unless it presents a conflict with properly-enacted Federal law or the Federal Constitution itself (and Federal-level Courts cannot hear Cases involving a State Constitution unless there is a direct conflict with the Federal Constitution), and in most situations, in each State the supreme Court thereof serves as the final Court for Matters of Federal law.

The United States are organized as a Federal constitutional presidential republican Union, in which the Governor-General of the United States (the federal head of government —There is no single Federal head of state. Rather, the function of head of state is performed by the United States Federal Council, composed of the nineteen Governors of the United States: the Governor-General and the chief Executives of the eighteen States), the bicameral Congress, and the Courts are each granted the executive, legislative, and judicial portions, respectively, of the Power delegated to the Federal government of the several States by the several States vis-á-vis the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for the United States.

The executive department is headed by the Governor-General, and is independent of the Congress and the Courts. The Legislative power of the United States is vested in the two branches of the Congress. The judicial power of the United States is vested in the Federal Court and in the Courts of the respective States. The purpose of the judiciary is to interpret the Constitution and ensure that all laws and regulations are fully compliant therewith, nullifying those of which it finds to be unconstitutional.

The States are the dominant feature of the North Aegean governmental system. However, the People are also subject to the Government of the United States, the federal entity created by the U.S. Constitution; and all are subject to various units of local government. The latter include counties, municipalities, and special districts.

This multiplicity of Jurisdictions reflects the Union’s history. The Federal government was created by the States, which as formerly-independent countries, were established separately and governed themselves independently of the others. Units of local government were created by the States to efficiently carry out various state functions.

Political culture
Scholars from Alexis de Tocqueville to the present have found a strong continuity in core North Aegean political values since the time of the Aegean Federal War in the late 15th century.

Origins
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North Aegean ideology
Republicanism, along with a form of classical liberalism, remains the dominant ideology. Central documents include the Declaration of Independence (1476), Constitution Treaty (1681), The Confederalist Papers (1675), and the Declaration of Rights (1676), among others. Among the core tenets of this ideology are the following:
 * Civic duty: citizens have the responsibility to understand and support the government, participate in elections, pay taxes, and perform military service.
 * Opposition to Political corruption.
 * Federalism: The Powers of Government and legislative Competence generally is dispersed between State and Federal orders of government, to better preserve, protect, and defend the Life, Liberty, and Property of the People of the States united.
 * Republicanism: The government is answerable to citizens, who may change their representatives through regular elections. All political Power is inherent in the People, and Governments derive their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, and are established to Protect and Maintain individual Rights. All Sovereignty is vested in the People, but even though the People reign they do not Rule; instead, they select from among their ranks a Number of Persons to Represent them for a specific Amount of Time, and to these Representatives the People delegate sufficient Powers to effectively carry on Government in their name and on their behalf.
 * Equality before the law: The Laws of the United States and those of the States respectively shall attach no special privilege to any Citizen or any number of them. Government officials are subject to the Law in the same Manner and on like Terms as the general Public.
 * Freedom of religion: The government can neither support nor suppress religion.
 * Freedom of speech: The government cannot restrict through law or action the personal, non-violent speech of a citizen; a marketplace of ideas.

Legal culture
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Civic nationalism
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Suffrage
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Due to their experience under Richard Nixon and his National Progressivism, the people of the United States are very much quite wary of centralized government, of any form, and consolidated government in general. Indeed, even the idea of centralized federalism is considered taboo in the United States, and any proposal to increase the competence of the United States or even to invest the Federal head with sovereignty are heavily frowned upon throughout the United States; anyone who would publicly support Federal sovereignty or centralized federalism, among others, tend to end up being ostracized from society.

The various peoples of the United States, owing to their oppressive experience with National Progressivism, favor decentralized government with a strict separation of powers, and State-centered federalism for large territories. Perhaps due to the effects of the presidency of Richard Nixon (1669–1674), most people in the United States favor a weak federal executive that is kept within its constitutional limits by many checks and balances, both from the other two branches of the federal government, but also by being constitutionally responsible to the State Governors, by which they can remove a sitting Governor-General with an executive-branch variant of the legislative motion of no confidence: Upon the demand of ten or more of the eighteen State Governors, the Governor-General of the United States and his Government are removed, and until a new Governor-General is elected and qualified the President of the Senate takes over the responsibility of the Federal Governorship as Governor-General pro Tempore of the United States ("Governor-General for a time", e.g., "acting Governor-General").

Federalism
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Division of power
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The Power of the United States is governed by the Principle of Delegation, by which the general government may legislate, regulate, and adjudicate only on those Classes of Subject Matter that, by the Constitution alone, competence is expressly delegated to the United States; and competence over all undelegated Matters remain expressly and exclusively under the sole dominion of the States respectively or the people: Any act, policy, or judicial decree of the United States that embraces or concerns any Matter not expressly delegated thereto by the Constitution is Ultra Vires of the United States to legislate, regulate, and adjudicate, and as such is altogether null, void, unauthoritative, and of no force whatsoever in every one of the United States, and every Place subject to their jurisdiction.

Treaties and the federalism question
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Police power
While Congress has power to legislate on those Matters on which the States have delegated competence to the United States, the actual execution of Federal law rests primarily with the respective States. In fact, when compared to State executives and the executives of unitary states, the Federal executive of the United States is by design exceptionally (and intentionally) weak. This design is due to the experience of the People of North Aegea under the imperial presidency of Richard Nixon and his National Progressive Coalition from 1669 until his overthrow in the Coup of 1674.

State sovereignty
The United States, as a supranational Federal Union, possess legal personality and a set of governing institutions authorized by the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for the United States. However, the United States (the Federal head) is not vested with sovereignty, rather, the eighteen States have, by the Constitution Treaty, delegated to the United States Authority to exercise a limited remit of their sovereign Powers, but only as directly relates to those Powers expressly enumerated in the Constitution Treaty as being so delegated by the States respectively to the United States. The several States did not surrender any Powers to the United States, rather they delegated Authority to the United States to exercise certain Powers (and only those Powers) of the States: All sovereign Power in the United States still remain with the States respectively; the States lost or surrendered nothing; and the United States may only exercise those specific sovereign Powers of the States so long as the States continue to delegate them to the United States. Yet in those areas where the United States have been delegated Authority to exercise such of the sovereign Powers of the States, the Union does have the power to pass binding and direct laws upon the States and the People of each of them: But, in most Cases, the responsibility of executing those Laws continue to rest primarily with the States themselves.

State interposition
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Keepers of the Federal Charter
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Federal government
The Federal head of the United States is the General Government of the Confederacy, also known as the "Federal Government of the several States", and is the common (e.g, federal) government of the eighteen States united. The United States Federal Government governs as the common Agent of the several States, and is authorized to do so only on a limited number of expressly enumerated and clearly defined Matters.

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Legislative department
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Congress
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Senate
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House of Representatives
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Independent agencies of the legislative department
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Congressional Research Service
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Joint Congressional Audit Committee
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Joint Congressional Budget Committee
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Library of Congress
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Executive department
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Governor-General
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Government (Executive)
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Judicial department
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Council and Commission of the States

 * Main article: Federalism in the United States (§ Intergovernmentalism (Fœderative), § Federal and interstate treaties)

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Federal Council
Composed of the Governor-General (or his designee) and the chief Executive (or his designee) of each State, the Federal Council is considered the supreme Federal body in and of the United States. In most situations, the Governor-General (or his designee, as the case may be) has no Vote other than to break a hung Council (e.g., to break a tie); and while he is the Chairman of the Federal Council, except for two cases, he has no role in determining their Agenda. The two exceptions are the common foreign policy and the common defense policy: The Governor-General proposes, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Federal Council, adopts the Common Foreign Policy of the United States and in like Manner the Common Defense Policy of the United States.

While the United States do not have a de jure or official federal head of state, the role that would otherwise fall to such an office is instead performed by the Federal Council collectively.

Federal Commission
The Federal Commission is the executive arm of the Federal Council, and functions as a consolidated interstate compact (treaty) commission, a centralized executive commission that administers the various All-Union interstate compacts. The Federal Commission is appointed by the Federal Council, and it is to them that the Federal Commission is responsible. The Governor-General nominates, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the whole Federal Council (the Governor-General having no Vote unless they be equally divided), appoints the President of the Federal Commission, who, in turn, nominates, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Federal Council (the Governor-General, again, having no Vote unless they be equally divided), appoints the eighteen members of the Commission (styled, "Commissioners"): one Commissioner for each State; and each Commissioner is responsible for at least one Directorate-General, each of which is an umbrella agency incorporating at least one All-Union interstate compact agency.

State government
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Legislature
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Executive
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Judiciary
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Local government
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County government
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City government
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Campaign finance
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Political parties and elections
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Political parties
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Main political parties at Federal-level

 * Main article: Political parties in the United States § Federal parties

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Federalist Party
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Labor Party
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Conservative Party
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Progressive Party
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Organization of political parties
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Elections
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Voting
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Political pressure groups
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