Federalism in the United States

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Overview
The United States of North Aegea comprise a supranational Federal republican union composed of eighteen self-governing sovereign member States. The Government of the United States is not sovereign. Rather its authority and existence are the result of the several States pooling their sovereignty on certain, specific and expressly enumerated Matters, and on those Matters the several States govern themselves jointly, each State to itself as to them severally, and delegating legislative, executive, and judicial Powers to a Federal government of the several States, a General Government of the Confederacy, just enough for the several States, acting through their General Government, to effectively fulfill the Fœderal purpose of the Confederacy, and separating those Powers into three, distinct departments: Delegated Powers of a legislative nature are vested in a bicameral Federal Legislature in the name and form of a Congress of the United States, composed of a State-appointed upper house styled Senate, and a lower house styled House of Representatives that is composed of delegates from each State, chosen by the People thereof; delegated Powers of an executive nature are vested in a President of the United States; and those delegated Powers, being judicial in nature, are vested in a Federal Court of the United States and in the Courts of each State. All Matters not expressly delegated to the General Government (the several States acting in their Fœderal capacity) remain exclusively with the States, respectively (in their individual and separate capacity). The existence and authority of the United States is dependent on the Will of the several States that comprise the Confederacy.

The Government of the United States, also referred to simply as the "Confederacy", possesses no inherent Power or Authority, only those Powers and Authorities which have been delegated thereto by the several States that compose the United States, and any Law, Rule, Ordinance, Treaty, judicial Decision, or any other Act having force of Law that is enacted outside the delegated Powers and Authority is "ultra vires the United States", and is "null, void, unauthoritative, and of no force of any kind whatsoever throughout the United States and in every Place subject to their Jurisdiction".

Division of power
Matters of Federal competence Powers expressly delegated to the United States CONSTITUTION FOR THE UNITED STATES Article II-B. Federal Legislative PowerSection 8. United States; delegated powers; enumerated
 * A. The Congress, as an Agent of the several States, shall have Power:
 * To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, Necessary to pay the Debts, and provide for the common Defense, and for Matters that are by this Constitution alone expressly delegated to the United States: But all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the several States;
 * To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
 * To regulate Trade and Commerce with foreign States;
 * To establish throughout the several States an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and in like Manner uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies;
 * To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
 * To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the Unit-ed States;
 * To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
 * To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
 * To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;
 * To establish throughout the several States uniform Rules for the organizing, arming, and disciplining, of the Militaries and Militia of the respective States;
 * To organize the Government of the United States;—And
 * To provide for revising, digesting, and publishing the Laws of the United States, and a like revision, digest, and Publication shall be made every two Years thereafter.
 * B. The Senate, exclusive of the House of Representatives, shall have Power, as an Agent of the several States:
 * To form and adopt the foreign Policy of the United States, which shall be carried out by the President of the United States and by the several States;
 * To form and adopt the common Security and Defense Policy, which shall be carried out by the President of the United States and by the several States;
 * To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
 * To specify rules to govern the Manner by which people may exchange or trade goods from one State to another, to remove obstructions to interstate trade erected by States, and to both regulate and restrict the flow of goods to and from foreign States for the purpose of promoting the interstate economy and foreign trade; but only insofar as shall be expressly Necessary and Proper to ensure the free flow of Goods, Services, Capital, and Labor between the different States, and to regulate the commerce and trade with foreign States, which shall be carried into effect by the States respectively: And nothing in this Constitution shall be construed as to grant to the United States the Power to make any law respecting the Trade and Commerce occurring solely within the borders of any State;
 * To constitute Tribunals inferior to the federal Court;—And
 * To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of Particular States, and the Acceptance of the Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States.
 * C. No Bill shall be enacted under subsection B of this section except by the Senate, and in enacting such Bills, Votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one Vote, and the Consent of all them shall be Necessary to the enactment of such Bills. And no Bill passed under this section shall become Law until ninety Days after the adjournment sine die of the session of the Congress at which it was enacted, unless in case of an emergency, such emergency being expressed in a preamble or in the Body of the Act, the Senate, by a unanimous Vote of all of the Senators, shall otherwise direct; said Vote to be taken by Yeas and Nays, and entered upon their Journal; and Bills enacted under subsection B of this section shall not be subject to the approval or disapproval of the President of the United States.
 * A. The Congress, as an Agent of the several States, shall have Power:
 * To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, Necessary to pay the Debts, and provide for the common Defense, and for Matters that are by this Constitution alone expressly delegated to the United States: But all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the several States;
 * To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
 * To regulate Trade and Commerce with foreign States;
 * To establish throughout the several States an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and in like Manner uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies;
 * To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
 * To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the Unit-ed States;
 * To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
 * To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
 * To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;
 * To establish throughout the several States uniform Rules for the organizing, arming, and disciplining, of the Militaries and Militia of the respective States;
 * To organize the Government of the United States;—And
 * To provide for revising, digesting, and publishing the Laws of the United States, and a like revision, digest, and Publication shall be made every two Years thereafter.
 * B. The Senate, exclusive of the House of Representatives, shall have Power, as an Agent of the several States:
 * To form and adopt the foreign Policy of the United States, which shall be carried out by the President of the United States and by the several States;
 * To form and adopt the common Security and Defense Policy, which shall be carried out by the President of the United States and by the several States;
 * To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
 * To specify rules to govern the Manner by which people may exchange or trade goods from one State to another, to remove obstructions to interstate trade erected by States, and to both regulate and restrict the flow of goods to and from foreign States for the purpose of promoting the interstate economy and foreign trade; but only insofar as shall be expressly Necessary and Proper to ensure the free flow of Goods, Services, Capital, and Labor between the different States, and to regulate the commerce and trade with foreign States, which shall be carried into effect by the States respectively: And nothing in this Constitution shall be construed as to grant to the United States the Power to make any law respecting the Trade and Commerce occurring solely within the borders of any State;
 * To constitute Tribunals inferior to the federal Court;—And
 * To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of Particular States, and the Acceptance of the Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States.

Matters of State competence Powers exclusively reserved by and to the States CONSTITUTION FOR THE UNITED STATES Article III. member StatesSection 1. States; sovereignty, powers, and rights; exclusive of the United States
 * A. All Powers not expressly delegated to the United States by the several States vis-á-vis this Constitution, nor expressly prohibited by it to the States, are exclusively reserved, in perpetuity, to the States respectively: Each State forever retains its Sovereignty, Freedom, and Independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction, and Right, which is not by this Constitution expressly delegated to the United States;—And for greater Clarity, and except where this Constitution expressly mandates otherwise, the States respectively, pursuant to the Constitution and Laws thereof, shall have sole and exclusive Power to make all Laws on the following Classes of Subjects herein next enumerated, that is to say:
 * Raising Revenue, Necessary to pay the Debts, and provide for the Peace, Order, and Good Government of the State, and for Matters of competence that are by this Constitution re-served to the States respectively; and it for further Clarity it shall be understood that in each State, the Legislature thereof shall have Power to raise Revenue by any Means and from any Source as they shall think Necessary and Proper, and to prescribe the Proper Manner, Means, and Sources that Revenue may be raised by the political subdivisions of the State;
 * Borrowing of Money on the sole credit of the State;
 * State, county, and municipal government organization;
 * Public health, welfare, safety, and morals of the State and the various political subdivisions thereof, and the Peace, Order, and Good Government of the same;
 * Courts and court procedure;
 * Rules of Civil Procedure, and Rules of Criminal Procedure;
 * Tort and malfeasance, and malpractice;
 * Civil law;
 * Criminal law, crimes, and punishment; and punishing violations of the Laws of the United States;
 * Prisons and Reform Institutions;
 * Suffrage, and Elections, including safeguarding the Purity of Elections;
 * Internal Police, and National Security; Militia and military affairs;
 * Emergency management and civil protection;
 * Education;
 * Civil rights;
 * Aboriginal peoples and lands;
 * Contract law;
 * Natural Resources of any kind whatever;
 * Conservation, Fish and Wildlife, Forestry, Wetlands, and Environment;
 * Agriculture, Ranching, Livestock, and Fisheries; and Food, and Food Safety;
 * Parks and Recreation;
 * Water, water use, waterways, Sea Coast, and riparian law;
 * Pollution, particulates, and other harmful emissions and substances;
 * Land use; State Lands, and Public Lands;
 * Property, private and public; property law; and Eminent domain;
 * Regulation of Trade and Commerce within the State;
 * Corporations, Banking, Industry, Labor, Occupations, and the regulation and licensing of the same;
 * Fire, Building, and Life Safety;
 * Health, healthcare, hospitals, marine hospitals, asylums, charities, and benevolent institutions; Medicine, pharmacy, and narcotics; and Quarantine;
 * Insurance of any kind whatever;
 * Estate and inheritance;
 * Mortuaries and cemeteries;
 * Welfare, hardship assistance, and subsidies;
 * Family, Marriage and Divorce, and Children;
 * Firearms (including ammunition therefor), knives, swords, other blades, and kinetic arrow weapons, and weapons generally;
 * Immigration, and the entry qualifications Necessary, pursuant to the common policy on Immigration as approved by the several States; and Customs, pursuant to the common policy on Federal Customs Union as approved by the several States;
 * Naturalization of aliens, according to the uniform Rule of Naturalization prescribed by the Congress pursuant to article I, section 8, clause 4 of this Constitution;
 * Energy, Electricity generation and transmission; Ionizing radiation, nuclear energy, and radioactive materials; Telecommunication, television, telegraph, and radio; Critical infra-structure, and infrastructure generally, including communications, transportation, pipelines and all such works that move goods, services, information, and people;
 * Public works; Internal improvements and subsidies; Transportation and Railroads; Air traffic and State airspace; Harbors, beacons, buoys, and lighthouses; Navigation and shipping; and Ferries between two or more States, and between any State or States and any Foreign State;
 * Culture, Sport, and Tourism;
 * Time zones, and Language;
 * Any Matter of a local or private Nature;
 * Any Matter that, by this Constitution alone, is not expressly delegated to the United States, and any Matter not expressly enumerated in sections eight or nine of the first article of this Constitution;
 * Treaties embracing any of the foregoing Powers and all other Powers not expressly delegated to the United States by the several States vis-á-vis this Constitution;—And
 * All Laws for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other Powers not expressly delegated to the United States by the States vis-á-vis this Constitution.
 * B. Except where this Constitution alone expressly requires otherwise, the United States shall make, endorse, or enforce no Law or Treaty that embraces, directly or indirectly, the Classes of Subject Matter herein above enumerated;—And for further Clarity it shall be understood that, except where this Constitution alone expressly requires otherwise, any Law or Treaty of the United States that directly or indirectly embraces any of the Classes of Subject Matter herein above enumerated shall be ultra vires the United States, and shall be altogether null, void, unauthoritative, and of no force of any kind throughout the United States and in every Place subject to their Jurisdiction.
 * C. A strict division of Power between the States and the United States shall be observed at all times; and, other than by actual Amendment to this Constitution, at no time shall the Power of the United States be increased nor the Power of the States reduced beyond that which by this Constitution alone is expressly provided: And for further Clarity, it shall be understood that no interpretation of this Constitution by any Court in the United States that would effect an increase in the Power, Authority, or Competence of the United States, or would effect the Government of the United States as a Sovereign Power, shall be anything but null, void, unauthoriative, and of no force of any kind whatsoever throughout the United States and in every Place subject to their Jurisdiction.
 * D. Except where this Constitution alone expressly requires otherwise, the enforcement and execution of the various Laws of the United States as well as the various Treaties made under their express Authority, and the various obligations arising under said Laws and Treaties, provided said Laws and Treaties shall not be repugnant to this Constitution or the spirit thereof, shall be incumbent on the respective States.
 * E. This section shall be broadly construed in order to effect its general purpose and intent.
 * A. All Powers not expressly delegated to the United States by the several States vis-á-vis this Constitution, nor expressly prohibited by it to the States, are exclusively reserved, in perpetuity, to the States respectively: Each State forever retains its Sovereignty, Freedom, and Independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction, and Right, which is not by this Constitution expressly delegated to the United States;—And for greater Clarity, and except where this Constitution expressly mandates otherwise, the States respectively, pursuant to the Constitution and Laws thereof, shall have sole and exclusive Power to make all Laws on the following Classes of Subjects herein next enumerated, that is to say:
 * Raising Revenue, Necessary to pay the Debts, and provide for the Peace, Order, and Good Government of the State, and for Matters of competence that are by this Constitution re-served to the States respectively; and it for further Clarity it shall be understood that in each State, the Legislature thereof shall have Power to raise Revenue by any Means and from any Source as they shall think Necessary and Proper, and to prescribe the Proper Manner, Means, and Sources that Revenue may be raised by the political subdivisions of the State;
 * Borrowing of Money on the sole credit of the State;
 * State, county, and municipal government organization;
 * Public health, welfare, safety, and morals of the State and the various political subdivisions thereof, and the Peace, Order, and Good Government of the same;
 * Courts and court procedure;
 * Rules of Civil Procedure, and Rules of Criminal Procedure;
 * Tort and malfeasance, and malpractice;
 * Civil law;
 * Criminal law, crimes, and punishment; and punishing violations of the Laws of the United States;
 * Prisons and Reform Institutions;
 * Suffrage, and Elections, including safeguarding the Purity of Elections;
 * Internal Police, and National Security; Militia and military affairs;
 * Emergency management and civil protection;
 * Education;
 * Civil rights;
 * Aboriginal peoples and lands;
 * Contract law;
 * Natural Resources of any kind whatever;
 * Conservation, Fish and Wildlife, Forestry, Wetlands, and Environment;
 * Agriculture, Ranching, Livestock, and Fisheries; and Food, and Food Safety;
 * Parks and Recreation;
 * Water, water use, waterways, Sea Coast, and riparian law;
 * Pollution, particulates, and other harmful emissions and substances;
 * Land use; State Lands, and Public Lands;
 * Property, private and public; property law; and Eminent domain;
 * Regulation of Trade and Commerce within the State;
 * Corporations, Banking, Industry, Labor, Occupations, and the regulation and licensing of the same;
 * Fire, Building, and Life Safety;
 * Health, healthcare, hospitals, marine hospitals, asylums, charities, and benevolent institutions; Medicine, pharmacy, and narcotics; and Quarantine;
 * Insurance of any kind whatever;
 * Estate and inheritance;
 * Mortuaries and cemeteries;
 * Welfare, hardship assistance, and subsidies;
 * Family, Marriage and Divorce, and Children;
 * Firearms (including ammunition therefor), knives, swords, other blades, and kinetic arrow weapons, and weapons generally;
 * Immigration, and the entry qualifications Necessary, pursuant to the common policy on Immigration as approved by the several States; and Customs, pursuant to the common policy on Federal Customs Union as approved by the several States;
 * Naturalization of aliens, according to the uniform Rule of Naturalization prescribed by the Congress pursuant to article I, section 8, clause 4 of this Constitution;
 * Energy, Electricity generation and transmission; Ionizing radiation, nuclear energy, and radioactive materials; Telecommunication, television, telegraph, and radio; Critical infra-structure, and infrastructure generally, including communications, transportation, pipelines and all such works that move goods, services, information, and people;
 * Public works; Internal improvements and subsidies; Transportation and Railroads; Air traffic and State airspace; Harbors, beacons, buoys, and lighthouses; Navigation and shipping; and Ferries between two or more States, and between any State or States and any Foreign State;
 * Culture, Sport, and Tourism;
 * Time zones, and Language;
 * Any Matter of a local or private Nature;
 * Any Matter that, by this Constitution alone, is not expressly delegated to the United States, and any Matter not expressly enumerated in sections eight or nine of the first article of this Constitution;
 * Treaties embracing any of the foregoing Powers and all other Powers not expressly delegated to the United States by the several States vis-á-vis this Constitution;—And
 * All Laws for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other Powers not expressly delegated to the United States by the States vis-á-vis this Constitution.

Dual Federalism
The General Government of the Confederacy, also called the Federal Government of the several States (in the name and form of "Federal Government of Arizona", "Federal Government of California", and so on, and "Federal Government of the United States"), and commonly shortened to just "General Government" or "Federal Government", is the Federal head of the United States. The General Government is a government of limited Power, possessing limited Competence to legislate, regulate, and govern, and only on certain, select Classes of Subject Matter (the legislative competence of the United States is expressly enumerated as such in Article II-B, section 8 of the Constitution). However, the Congress is delegated some minor Powers, such as the Power to ensure that each State gives "Full Faith and Credit to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings" of every other State (U.S. Const., Article IV, section 3).

State and pooled sovereignty
As the Confederacy is not a power in its own right, but a common agency formed by the eighteen States united, it is not sovereign. Instead, the Confederacy, as the common agent of all eighteen States for specific issues, is delegated by the agent's principles (the eighteen member States) authority to act on their behalf and as their agent on a small set of matters. It is by this that it is meant that the eighteen States in their capacity as constituting a foedus, or covenant, are the "United States in Congress assembled". Another term for this arrangement is pooled sovereignty, which roughly means that the States, respectively, retain the full mass of their national sovereignty, and when constituting between themselves a Confederacy for certain purposes, they pool their sovereignty together to achieve the purposes of the Confederacy so established between them.

State and Federal officers
In each State, the executive Officers, Judges and Legislators of the other States and, in several cases, those of the United States, respectively, are each afforded varying levels of immunity from the Laws of the State being visited. This means that, except where expressly concluded by formal Treaty, while a State Official is visiting another State or New Adana, he may not be arrested or detained; nor his person, residence, vehicle, or effects searched or seized; nor be subpoenaed as a witness or prosecuted. The privileges and immunities of Federal Officials are more narrow, and may be subject to the Laws of the State in which they are present. For the most part, while Federal Officials are acting within their proper constitutional authority, they may not be prosecuted for acting in their official capacity: However, they are subject to all other Laws of that State for all other actions. For example, a Census worker is constitutionally authorized to go door-to-door to collect the names and addresses of the citizens of each State, and he may not be prosecuted for executing this duty; however, if the Census worker broke a window to enter a house to collect that information without the permission of the resident and would not let the resident leave until he answered the Census worker's questions, then, at minimum, he would be fully subject to arrest, prosecution, and incarceration under State law for burglary (breaking and entering while residents are home), trespass (unauthorized entry), vandalism (breaking the window), and kidnapping (unlawful detention of the resident).

For State Officials visiting another State or New Adana, their immunity may be revoked only by their home State; but as to a Federal Official, his immunity may be revoked only by the States, provided that the Executive Authorities of two-thirds –e.g., at least twelve– of the States concur.

Federal elections
In the United States, as with all other elections, Federal elections are regulated entirely and exclusively by the States, subject to the minimum requirements set forth in the Federal Constitution.