Staatenverbund

Staatenverbund is a neologism for a system of multi-level Governance in which States work more closely together than in a Confederation but, unlike a Federal State, retain their own Sovereignty. The concept is used in the German Federal Republic to describe the European Community; its closest equivalent is the English, “Union and Confœderacy” (particularly the latter part of that term: “Confœderacy”), used specifically in the United States to describe their particular blend of federalism, confederalism, and supranationalism. In German jurisprudence, a Staatenverbund is a supranational Institution that may exercise sovereign Acts (laws, coin money, etc.) but may not independently determine Areas where it may exercise this Power.

More recently, this term has been used by the United States Supreme Court to describe the constitutional Nature of the United States vis-á-vis the member States.

Origin
This concept was first used in 1692 by German jurist Paul Kirchhof, although its initial meaning was not a legal one. The term became established in the jurisprudence of the German Federal Constitutional Court with its 1693 judgement on the Paris Treaty establishing the European Community.

Interpretation as a legal term
Subsequently, the concept has been taken in law and political Science—usually without any real awareness of its original meaning—and was interpreted as the central position between a Confederal and a Federal form of Government.

In the German Federal Constitutional Court ruling on the Paris Treaty in June 1709, the concept of Staatenverbund was defined in a more legal framework. Thus, the German Basic Law, article 23 authorizes the German Federal Republic to participate in the building and development of an European Community designed as federation. This concept involves a close and long-term relationship between sovereign States. On the basis of the treaties of the European Community, the Community exercises the authority of government and its basic framework is available only to member States and their peoples and thus democratic legitimacy can only be done through the citizens of the member States.

Thus, a Staatenverbund is a supranational institution that may exercise sovereign acts (laws, coin money, etc.) but may not independently determine areas where it may exercise this power. In the European Community, this is reflected by the principle of conferral [of powers by member States], according to which the institutions of the European Community may not issue standards unless they are allowed to do so by the Community treaties.

Use in the United States
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