Kamchatka Krai

<!-- Kamchatka - Russian region, part of the Far Eastern Federal District.

Administrative center - the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

The population of the region is pers. .

Formed 1 July 2007 by combining Kamchatka Region and Koryak Autonomous Okrug.

Bordered on the north-west Magadan Oblast, in the north - Chukotka Autonomous District, in the south through the First Kuril Strait c Sakhalin Oblast.

History


Starting with Stone Age Kamchatka was settled Koryak, Ainu and Itelmen s. In the middle of the XIX century, the colonization of the peninsula Evens.

Several excavations of ancient sites discovered on the territory of the Anadyr region indicate that the first people in these places have appeared in the early Neolithic.

Sparse population mainly engaged in hunting and fishing.

In the XVII century. Russian colonization began in Siberia and the Far East. One of the oldest cities on the Far East is Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

One of the first of the Moscow State here got Cossacks Atlasova in 1697 y. Cossacks Avachinskaya Inlet, near Itelmen village of Aushin, on the shore of the bay Avachinskaya Pacific laid storage shed for storage tribute and founded a fort..

Permanent Russian population appeared to 1730 years and because of its scarcity largely mixed with the aboriginals of this region, as part of Itelmens accepted the Russian language and culture, becoming a member of Kamchadals. By the beginning of XX century on the Kamchatka Peninsula, there were about 3,600 Russian - Itelmen local population, which represents a single ethnographic group with common features of culture and life, and Russian language of communication.

After forty- three years, previously compiled maps Kamchatka land, arrived here on two packet s October 17 1740 Second Kamchatka Expedition 1733 - 1743 gg. under the leadership of Vitus Bering and Aleksei Chirikov.

Name Peter and Paul fort  names received from ships packet s "Saint Peter" and "St. Paul."

Founder of the city navigator Ensign tion rank Ivan Yelagin Fomich. September 29, 1739, by order of the head of 2nd Kamchatka Expedition Vitus Bering, Ivan Yelagin on the boat "St. Archangel Gabriel " has gone from Okhotsk and on the Kamchatka.

He was instructed to describe the coast from the mouth of the river to the Grand Avachinskii Bay, further research Avachinskaya Bay, make her card, build warehouses and accommodations to stop the expedition, as well as to carry out measurements clarify the opportunity approach large ships, because " when the lip thereof shall be the minister for housing construction, and for takozh klazhi magazeinam of provisions, and from the Great river to the sea shore of the aforesaid lips still not described yet."

Avachinskayay bay Vitus Bering identified in 1729 at the time of the return of First Kamchatka Expedition Okhotsk.

October 6 (October 17 BC. Tbsp.) 1740 in Avacha Bay arrived packet ships "St. Paul" slave Alexei Chirikov, and " Saint Peter " s Commander th Vitus Bering.

This day is considered the birthday of the city Петропавловска-Камчатский.

1779 - Petropavlovsk harbor visited by two British military ship "Discovery" and "RESOLUTION" Third world expedition J. Cook. In the harbor in August was buried Ch Clark, who took over the leadership of the expedition after the death of J. Cook. 1787 - Petropavlovsk ships visited "Bussol" and "Astrolabe" expedition around the world La Perouse.

1812 - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky was granted city status, and the name Paul Harbor. Also published "The new position of the Kamchatka Peninsula," by which management Kamchatka entrusted to a special boss. The seat of the chief of " prescribed " and Paul harbor, which became the capital of Kamchatka.

December 2 1849 and - formed Kamchatka Region headed by the Governor B. S. Zavoiko, with the center - port of Petropavlovsk .

In 1909 was founded in Kamchatka province, its composition was included and the newly formed county of Anadyr.

Kamchatka region was formed October 20 1932 with Khabarovsk Krai.

July 22, 1934 All-Russian Central Executive Committee decided to include in the Resolution of Kamchatka Province Chukotka and Koryak national districts.

In August 1938 and Tar'in bay Avachinskaya Bay base was established diesel submarines. Since that time, the city became Vilyuchinsk future submariners.

On January 23 1956 region was an independent region. On the territory of the Kamchatka region and was Koryak Autonomous District.

Vilyuchinsk city was founded on October 16 1968 and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR by merging working settlements  'Fishermen (base of nuclear submarines), Seaside '  (coastal part of the Pacific Fleet software) andherrings  (Shipyard Navy). Name from the name of the volcano next door - Viluchinsky. Sami villages received the status of neighborhoods.

In 1959 in personal decision N. Khrushchev in the Soviet Union was formed 4th Pacific Oceanographic Expedition toge -4, gave a powerful impetus to the development of the area.

Since the end of 1959 and began to develop in the field of repair industry, and a few years later in Krasheninnikov Bay settled nuclear submarines of the Pacific Fleet.

In 1959-60 years. in the fishing was placed military unit antisubmarine marine pilots, military units created pilots antisubmarine.

In May, 1970 and Admiral of the Fleet S. Gorshkov laid in the neighborhood Rybachy Navy Officers (DOP).

In 1973 at the monument was unveiled submariners who died while performing their military duty.

28 July 1996 and Vilyuchinsk was opened a memorial in honor submariners who died in combat missions. Names submariners A -16 inscribed on a copper plate attached to the cabin of the submarine, the names of crew members K-129 and K-429 applied to the granite slabs.

In 1998, a fleet of nuclear submarines of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Federation was reorganized into a squadron of nuclear missile submarines. In references NATO this base Russian submarines is called " Hornet's Nest" .

October 23 2005 was held referendum combination of Kamchatka Oblast and Koryak Autonomous Okrug. The population supported the union of regions.

July 7 2006 Federation Council approved the law "On Education in the Russian Federation of a new subject of the Russian Federation as a result of combining the Kamchatka Oblast and Koryak Autonomous Okrug."

As a result a new subject of the Russian Federation, which is a 1 July 2007 is called Kamchatka.

Geographical location
Kamchatka occupies Kamchatka Peninsula, the adjacent part of mainland and island Karaginsky and Commander Islands. Bordered on the east Bering Sea Pacific Ocean (the length of the coast more than 2,000 km), from the west - Sea of ​​Okhotsk (the length of the coast about 2000 km).

Main rivers: Kamchatka (length 758 km), Penzhina (713 km), Talovka (458 km), Vyvenka (395 km), Pakhacha (293 km), Apuka (296 km), Ukelayat (288 km). Lake: Talovskoye (44 km ²), Palansky (28 km ²).

Mountain ranges: Middle (length of about 900 km), East, Vetveysky, Penzhinsky, Pahachinsky, Olyutorskij and others heights: y Huvhoytun (2613 m), the Ice (2562 m), the Acute (2552 m), the Shishelov (2531 m), volcano Tylele (2234 m). Kamchatka is the active zone volcanic activity, there are about 300 large and medium-sized volcanoes, 29 of them are active. The largest volcano Eurasia - Kluchevskoy (height 4750 m). With volcanic activity associated with the formation of many minerals, as well as a manifestation gidrogeotermalnoy Activity: Education fumaroles, geyser s, hot springs, etc.

Climate and nature
Climate in the northern part of the province - subarctic, on the coasts - moderate sea with monsoon acter, in the hinterland - continental. Winter long, snowy, average temperatures in January and February from the in the south and southeast,  in the west to  in the center and north. Summer is short, usually cool and rainy, the average temperature in July and August from to the west,  on south- east to +16 ° C in the central part. Rainfall varies from 300 mm in the extreme north-west edge of up to 2500 mm in the southeast.

Most of the peninsula is covered with forests of stone birch, in the upper slopes of the mountains are common alder and cedar elfin. In the central part, especially in the valley of the Kamchatka River, widespread forests of Kurile larch and Ajan spruce. In floodplains, forests grow with poplar fragrant, alder hairy, Chosenia, willow Sakhalin. In the second tier and undergrowth common hawthorn zelenomyakotny, cherries Asian, rowan Kamchatka, shrubs - Kamchatka elderberries, rosehips tupoushkovy, rowan buzinolistnaya, honeysuckle Kamchatka, meadowsweet, willow shrubs, and many others species. Kamchatka, especially coastal areas, characterized by tall - species such as shelamaynik Kamchatka, angelica bearish, sweet parsnip reach a height of 3-4 meters.

Fauna is represented by many species, among the largest land mammals - brown bear, bighorn sheep, caribou, moose, wolverines. Also common fox, sable, squirrel, mink, ermine, weasel, muskrat, squirrel arctic, black-capped marmot, pika, voles and shrews. Wolf is rare and is more common in the northern part of the peninsula. Among the relatively rare species in Kamchatka as bats, or bats - bat Brandt, North kozhanok, oriental brown long-eared bat (presumably occurs in the lower reaches of the Kamchatka River). On the coasts and coastal waters are inhabited by sea otters, sea lions, fur seals, spotted seals, Anthurium, cetaceans - whales, gray whales, porpoises and other.

In Kamchatka, there are about 240 species of birds, among which the most prominent colonial marine and wetland species. Perching birds are also plentiful, there are birds of prey (the Steller's sea eagle, white -tailed eagle, golden eagle, falcon, peregrine falcon, goshawk, osprey, etc.)

Land on the peninsula no reptiles, amphibians, only two species - Siberian salamander and frog lake.

Reserves and natural monuments
More than 14.5 % of the Kamchatka Territory refers to the specially protected. There are six protected areas of federal significance (three state Reserve and one Sanctuary federal "Yuzhno -Kamchatsky " sanatorium two areas - " resort Paratunka" "Malkinskie mineral water"), four natural parks of regional significance (" Nalychevo "," Bystrinsky "," South Kamchatka "," Kluchevskoy "), 22 regional sanctuaries, 116 natural sites, four specially Protected natural areas (landscaped nature park " Blue Lake ", Southwest tundra Sobolewski and preserves).

Six zones, called " Volcanoes of Kamchatka ", included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site Kronotsky Biosphere Reserve, Caldera volcano Uzon, Bystrinsky Nature park, Nature Park Nalychevo, South Kamchatka Nature Park, Kluchevskoy natural park.

Reserves

 * Koryak Reserve, including Cape Gauvin, bay Lavrov Parapolsky USD (327 hectares)
 * Kronotsky
 * Commander Reserve on the Commander Islands

Natural reserves
The Karaginsky (193 hectares), the river Moroshechnaya (150 hectares), the river White (90 hectares), Lake Palansky (88 hectares), the lagoon Kaazarok (17 hectares), Utkholok (50 hectares), etc.

Nature Monuments
Unique Valley of Geysers, Palansky geothermal, Anastasia bay about. Manchu, larch forest, amethyst s River Shaman, etc.

Natural Resources

 * Aquatic biological resources - fish, seafood
 * Mineral different species and freshwater
 * Region is rich in timber

Ores and nonferrous metals placer

 * Shanuchskoe copper-nickel box up to 2.5 million tonnes (about 5% Nickel) (Bystrinsky District) - is preparing to operate ore mining and processing enterprise " Shanuchskoe "
 * Olyutor field mercury ore and valley placers Platinum in Olutorskiy area
 * Khalaktyrskoye deposit Titanium - magnetite ovyh Sands (concentrate reserves - about 6 million tonnes (dioxide - to 0.8 million tons)

Despite the minor total reserves in the region of 450-800 tons of gold ore is a high concentration of 10 to 25 grams of metal per ton of ore :
 * " Violet " with stocks 102 tons
 * " Rodnikovoye " with reserves of 40 tons
 * " Aginskoe field "gold with reserves of 30 tons, acts Agin ore processing plant
 * " Ozernovo " and investigated several gold fields.

Fossil Fuels
West Coast ** (Kshukskoye, North Kolpakovskii, Middle Kunzhikskoe and Lower Kvakchikskoye deposits (7.2 billion m³)), the overall installed gas reserves - 19.31 billion m³ - local importance, 2010 laid pipeline to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
 * Deposits of Okhotsk and Pritihookeanskoy petroleum provinces :
 * Underway offshore exploration, inferred resources are estimated at 1.8 billion tons of oil and 2.3 trillion cubic meters of gas ³.


 * Krutogorovskaya field lignite local (profitable reserves - about 100 million tons) in Ust-Bolsheretsky area - pre-project to the development, and several deposits of coals in the Koryak district - Hayryuzovskoe (C2 - 1.377 million tonnes) and Lesnovsky (P1 - 2.04 million tonnes, P2 - 5.9 million tons at depth. 100 m).

Renewable energy

 * Region has significant hydropower potential :
 * Penzhinskaya lip Sea of ​​Okhotsk has a colossal tidal potential estimated in the Soviet period, the project Penzhinskaya PES capacity of 87 GW
 * Significant potential of the rivers of the peninsula, to implement a few objects, in particular - Tolmachevskaya GES total capacity of 45.2 MW. The total potential of the rivers is estimated at up to 20 GW of operating capacity.
 * Also great potential steam hydrotherms Kamchatka, including low-temperature capable of stably providing heat energy and electric potential of the estimated total reaches 1 GW. Among the main fields :
 * Mutnovsky (produced up to 413 600 000 kWh on electricity per year Mutnovskaya and Upper Mutnovskaya Geothermal)
 * Pauzhetskaya (produced up to 60 million kWh of electricity per year for Geothermal Pauzhetskaya)
 * Hi wind potential coast, especially in the Ust -Kamchatsky, Sobolev areas and m Lopatka. Operates two wind farms: in village Nikolsky on the Commander Islands and the village of October.

In 2010, on the Kamchatka Peninsula of electricity produced 40% more than is necessary, but in some places it was observed over, while others - lack.

Population
Population according to Rosstat edge is   people. , of which about 56 percent are concentrated in the capital city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Population density -   pers. / km2. Urban population -   %.

Population change
All and urban population (its share) at the All-Union and All-Russian Census :

Administrative divisions
  C 1 July 2007 on the Kamchatka Territory there are 68 municipalities, including three urban districts, 11 municipal districts, 5 towns, 49 rural settlements.

Economy
Main industries: fishing industry (fishing and processing seafood), agriculture, mining natural gas, coal, non-ferrous metal, electricity, including the development of unconventional geothermal energy transportation and link. Develops tourism.

Kamchatka has long been famous for fur fishing. Fur harvested here sable, fox, blue fox, fur seals are highly appreciated at international auctions. Also developed reindeer using excellent pastures in the north of Kamchatka.

The region has major naval base, in particular the submarine base, as well as air bases and radar stations - part of the population is employed in the service of the war economy.

Tourism
The total number of tourists who visited in Kamchatka in 2007-2009 exceeded 102.8 thousand persons (inbound and domestic tourism). The number of Russian tourists in 2009 was about 16 million people (including 10 thousand tourists most of Kamchatka). Among foreign tourists Kamchatka in 2009 attended by about 12 million people (85% compared to 2008), mostly citizens of Japan, the USA and Germany

Transport
Road transport plays a major role in the transport of goods in the region. The total length of roads - 3014.04 kilometers. 47.5 km of them - federal (A401" Seaport - Airport"), 1875.82 km - regional significance, 1090.72 km - local importance. The road network has a high degree of wear (regional roads worn by 70.9 %), is open-ended and does not provide year-round motor posts economically developed southern and central regions to the north. The program is executed for the construction and reconstruction of roads in 2011-2013. Region ranks second in Russia by car security. This figure is 429 cars per 1000 inhabitants (2011).

History of Transport
In the early twentieth century, the internal lines of communication on the Kamchatka Peninsula virtually absent. Residents moved along rivers in hollowed out tree trunks boats - baht, ground runs were of extremely poor quality. Winter moved on sled dogs, which, for example, for companies west coast were the only mode of transport to the 1950s. According to the "List of the network of roads and trails of the Kamchatka region as of December 1, 1936 ", the length of the network was evaluated in 1687 km. As of April 30, 1949 the road network includes 48 km landscaped roads. Since 1907 examined the idea of the railway along the Sea of ​​Okhotsk in the 1930s. for this purpose sent survey expeditions. In the 1950s. proposed building an aerial railway.

Education
Kamchatka from April 1, 2010 participate in the experiment on the teaching of the course "The Basics of religious cultures and secular ethics" (includes "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture", "Fundamentals of Islamic culture ", "Fundamentals of Buddhist culture " "Fundamentals of Jewish culture ", "Basics of religious cultures of the world," and "Fundamentals of secular ethics ").

The number of people with higher education and degrees, above the average data for Russia.

Sports
The bulk of sports events held in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, where the skiing and biathlon tracks and ski resorts. Of them frosted and Central database designed for professional sport. Other ski resorts are in Elizovo, village Zaozerny.

Competitions in Freeride, annual sled dog race Beringia, hockey, basketball, volleyball events local scale. Act Karate Federation, snowboarding, riding sports, swimming, etc.

In late summer, carried a massive rise in the Volcano Avachinskiy.

Links

 * Kamchatka Government
 * History Kamchatka
 * Kamchatka in Photographs: landscapes, nature, people, events
 * Legislation Kamchatka
 * « Kamchatka region, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - Kamchatka history site "
 * Kamchatka in the book:  N. GVOZDETSKII NI Mikhailov.  Physical Geography of the USSR. M., 1978.

– Kamchatka Russian regions

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