Canadian Federalist System

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Overview
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Division of power
The nature of the Union "[is] a federal as distinguished from a legislative Union, but a Union composed of several pre-existing, continuing, and sovereign entities... [The Commonwealths are] not fractions of a unit but units of a multiple. The Union is the multiple and each Commonwealth is a unit of that multiple".

Matters of Federal competence Powers expressly delegated to the United Commonwealths of Canada  The Congress, as an Agent of the several Commonwealths, shall have Power: To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, Necessary to pay the Debts, provide for the common Defense and provide for Matters that come within the Classes of Subjects on which, by this Constitution alone, competence is expressly and intentionally delegated to the United Commonwealths of Canada: But all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the several Commonwealths; To borrow Money on the credit of the United Commonwealths of Canada; To regulate Trade and Commerce with foreign States; To establish throughout the several Commonwealths an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and in like Manner uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies; To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United Commonwealths of Canada; To establish Post Offices and post Roads;</li> To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;</li> To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;</li> To establish throughout the several Commonwealths uniform Rules for the organizing, arming, and disciplining, of the Militaries and Militia of the respective Commonwealths; but no such Rules shall have any effect in any Commonwealth until they shall have been adopted and enacted as Law by the Legislature thereof;</li> To organize the Government of the United Commonwealths of Canada;—And</li> To provide for revising, digesting, and publishing the Laws of the United Commonwealths of Canada, and a like revision, digest, and Publication shall be made every two Years thereafter.</li></ol></li> The Senate, exclusive of the House of Representatives, shall have Power, as an Agent of the several Commonwealths: To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;</li> To specify rules to govern the Manner by which people may exchange or trade goods from one Commonwealth to another, to remove obstructions to interstate trade erected by Commonwealths, and to both regulate and restrict the flow of goods to and from foreign States for the purpose of promoting the interstate economy and foreign trade; but only insofar as shall be expressly Necessary and Proper to ensure the free flow of Goods, Services, Capital, and Labor between the different Commonwealths, and to regulate the commerce and trade with foreign States, which shall be carried into effect by the Commonwealths respectively: Provided always, that all such rules adopted pursuant to this paragraph shall be binding on each Commonwealth and shall have direct effect in the Courts of each of them, that is to say self-executing;</li> To constitute Tribunals inferior to the federal Court;—And</li> To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of Particular Commonwealths, and the Acceptance of the Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United Commonwealths of Canada.</li></ol></ol>

<h3 style="background:#AC193C;text-align:center;padding:5px;color:#F2F2F2;font-weight:bold;">Matters of Commonwealth competence Powers exclusively reserved by and to the Commonwealths <ol type="A"> All Powers not expressly and intentionally delegated to the United Commonwealths of Canada by this Constitution, nor by this Constitution expressly and intentionally prohibited to the Commonwealths, are expressly and intentionally reserved, exclusively, perpetually, and in absolute, to the Commonwealths respectively, to be exercised exclusively by them: Each Commonwealth forever retains its Sovereignty, Freedom, and Independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction, and Right, which is not by this Constitution expressly and intentionally delegated to the United Commonwealths of Canada;—And for greater Certainty, and except where this Constitution shall by express words require otherwise, it is declared and shall be understood that the Powers of the Commonwealths respectively, shall, throughout the territory of each of them respectively, extend to all Matters in relation to the Peace, Order, and good Government of the Commonwealth, the public Health, Welfare, Safety, and Morals of all inhabitants therein; and, to the complete and utter exclusion of the United Commonwealths of Canada in all Cases whatsoever, shall also extend to all Matters coming within the Classes of Subjects herein next enumerated; that is to say: Raising Revenue, Necessary to pay the Debts, and provide for the Peace, Order, and Good Government of the Commonwealth and for the public Safety, Health, Morals, Prosperity, Comfort, Convenience and Welfare of the inhabitants thereof, and for Matters of competence that are by this Constitution reserved to the Commonwealths respectively; and for greater Certainty it is declared and shall be understood that in each Commonwealth, pursuant to the Constitution and Laws thereof, the Commonwealth Legislature shall have Power to raise Revenue by any Means and from any Source as they shall think Necessary and Proper, and in like Manner to prescribe the Proper Manner, Means, and Sources that Revenue may be raised by the various political subdivisions of the Commonwealth;</li> Borrowing of Money on the sole credit of the Commonwealth;</li> Peace, Order, and Good Government of the Commonwealth, and the public Safety, Health, Morals, Prosperity, Comfort, Convenience and Welfare of the inhabitants thereof;</li> Punishing corruption and abuse of power of any kind whatever, occurring within the boundaries of the Commonwealth;</li> <li>Suffrage, political Parties, and Elections generally, including safeguarding the Purity of Elections;</li> <li>Municipal Institutions in the Commonwealth;</li> <li>Courts established under the Constitution and Laws of the Commonwealth, and Court procedure for the same; including their Rules of Procedure, both Criminal and Civil; and Rules of Evidence;</li> <li>Conflict of laws, and the Law of Nations;</li> <li>Property, private and public; property law; and Eminent domain;</li> <li>Law of torts and malfeasance, and of malpractice;</li> <li>Contract law;</li> <li>Civil law;</li> <li>Criminal law; crimes generally, and punishing the same; and punishing offenses against the Constitution and Laws of the United Commonwealths of Canada;</li> <li>Prisons, Penitentiaries, and Reform Institutions;</li> <li>Internal Police, and National Security;</li> <li>Militia, Military, and National Defense;</li> <li>Emergency management and civil protection;</li> <li>Education;</li> <li>Civil rights;</li> <li>Aboriginal peoples and lands;</li> <li>Natural Resources of any kind whatever;</li> <li>Conservation, Fish and Wildlife, Forestry, Wetlands, and Environment;</li> <li>Agriculture, Ranching, Livestock, and Fisheries; and Food, and Food Safety;</li> <li>Animal, plant, fungal, and other life;</li> <li>Parks and Recreation;</li> <li>Water, water use, waterways, Sea Coast, and riparian law;</li> <li>Pollution, particulates, and other harmful emissions and substances;</li> <li>Commonwealth Lands, Public Lands, and Land use generally;</li> <li>Regulation of Trade and Commerce within the Commonwealth;</li> <li>Corporations, Securities and Stocks, Banking, Industry, Labor, Occupations, and the regulation and licensing of the same;</li> <li>Fire, Building, and Life Safety;</li> <li>Health, healthcare, hospitals, marine hospitals, asylums, charities, and benevolent institutions;</li> <li>Medicine, pharmacy, and narcotics; and Quarantine;</li> <li>Insurance of any kind whatever;</li> <li>Estate and inheritance;</li> <li>Mortuaries and cemeteries;</li> <li>Welfare, hardship assistance, and subsidies;</li> <li>Family, Marriage and Divorce, and Children;</li> <li>Firearms (including ammunition therefor), knives, swords, other blades, kinetic arrow weapons, and weapons generally;</li> <li>Immigration, and the entry qualifications Necessary, pursuant to the common policy on Immigration prescribed by the Senate pursuant to article II-B, subsection B, clause 3 of this Constitution; and Customs, pursuant to the common policy on the Customs Union as prescribed by the Senate pursuant to article II-B, subsection B, clause 3 of this Constitution;</li> <li>Naturalization of aliens, pursuant to the uniform Rule of Naturalization prescribed by the Congress pursuant to article II-B, section 8, subsection A, clause 4 of this Constitution;</li> <li>Energy, Electricity generation and transmission; Ionizing radiation, nuclear energy, and radioactive materials; Telecommunication, television, telegraph, and radio; Critical infrastructure, and infrastructure generally, including communications, transportation, pipelines and all such works that move goods, services, information, and people;</li> <li>Public works; Internal improvements and subsidies; Transportation and Railroads; Air traffic and Commonwealth airspace; Harbors, beacons, buoys, and lighthouses; Navigation and shipping; and Ferries between two or more Commonwealths, and between any Commonwealth or Commonwealths and any Foreign Commonwealth;</li> <li>Culture, Sport, and Tourism;</li> <li>Time zones, and Language;</li> <li>Any Matter of a local or private Nature;—And</li> <li>Any Matter that, by this Constitution alone, does not directly come within the Classes of Subjects expressly and intentionally delegated to the United Commonwealths of Canada, and any Matter not directly coming within the Classes of Subjects expressly enumerated in section eight of the first article of this Constitution; Treaties embracing any Matter coming within the forgoing Classes of Subjects and all other Matters not directly coming within the Classes of Subjects expressly and intentionally delegated to the United Commonwealths of Canada by this Constitution; and all Laws for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other Powers that are not by this Constitution expressly and intentionally delegated to the United Commonwealths of Canada.</li></ol></li></ol>

Federal power
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Foreign and military affairs
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Interstate trade and the common market and customs area
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Copyrights and patents
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Naturalization and bankruptcy
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Money, and weights and standards
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Piracy, offenses against the law of nations, and counterfeiting
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Federal institutions
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General Government
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Legislature
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Executive
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Judicial
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Dual Federalism
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Commonwealth and pooled sovereignty
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Federal and inter-commonwealth treaties
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Commonwealth sovereign immunity
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Commonwealth immunity
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Federal elections
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